List of tables, figures, and charts xiii
List of abbreviations xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Translation as text (re)production 9
2.1 Theoretical context 9
2.2 Ability, competence and expertise in translation 10
2.2.1 Translation ability 10
2.2.2 Translator competence 12
2.2.3 Expertise in translation and other domains 16
2.3 Performing a translation task 19
2.3.1 Modelling the translation process as a text production process 19
2.3.2 Overall time: The phases of the task and process profiles 21
2.3.3 Planning the task 23
2.3.4 Writing the translated text 25
2.3.4.1 Strategies, automated processing and segmentation of the process 25
2.3.4.2 Segmenting in monolingual writing 29
2.3.4.3 Segmenting the writing process in translation 29
2.3.5 Revising the text 30
2.4 The text in the process 33
2.4.1 Explicitation in translation 33
2.4.1.1 Explicitation as a textual phenomenon 33
2.4.1.2 Discussion 38
2.4.2 Explicitness of cohesion 41
2.4.3 Translation norms 44
2.4.3.1 Norms in translation studies 44
2.4.3.2 Translation norms for different kinds of translations 46
2.4.3.3 Studying translation norms 48
2.4.4 Processing the text 51
2.4.4.1 Literal translation in the process 51
2.4.4.2 Automaticity and depth of processing 53
2.4.4.3 Processing implicit logical links 56
2.4.4.4 Translation norms and decisions in thetranslation process 59
2.5 Research design 60
Chapter 3 Methods and data 65
3.1 Methodological considerations 65
3.2 Concurrent verbalizations or think-aloud protocols (TAPs) 68
3.2.1 The theory and the method 68
3.2.2 The validity of the method 70
3.3 Computer logging of the writing process 75
3.4 The data for the study 76
3.4.1 Participants 76
3.4.2 Source text and translation brief 78
3.4.3 Procedure and data collection 79
3.4.3.1 Collecting the data 79
3.4.3.2 The think-aloud protocols and transcription conventions 80
3.4.3.3 ScriptLog logs 81
3.4.3.4 Other data 82
3.5 Coding and analyzing the data and reporting the results 82
Chapter 4 Performing the translation task 85
4.1 Overall research questions 85
4.2 Task performance: Temporal characteristics 85
4.2.1 Research questions, data and methods 85
4.2.2 Results 86
4.3 Initial planning of the task 89
4.3.1 Research questions, data and methods 89
4.3.2 Results 89
4.3.2.1 Time and approach 89
4.3.2.2 Task definition: verbalizations during the pre-writing phase 91
4.3.2.3 Correlation between task definition and amount of translation experience 93
4.4 Segmentation of the writing process 96
4.4.1 Hypotheses, data and method 96
4.4.2 Results 99
4.5 Revising – evaluating and making changes in the target text 106
4.5.1 Research questions 106
4.5.2 Task definition of revising 107
4.5.2.1 Data and methods 107
4.5.2.2 Goals and plans for revising as part of the writing phase 107
4.5.2.3 Goals and plans for the post-writing phase 110
4.5.3 Revisions from a product perspective 113
4.5.3.1 Data and method 113
4.5.3.2 Revisions during the writing phase 116
4.5.3.3 Revisions during the post-writing phase 120
4.5.4 Problem representations in revising 121
4.5.4.1 Data and methods 121
4.5.4.2 Problem representations for revisions during the writing phase 124
4.5.4.3 Problem representations for revisions during the post-writing phase 129
4.6 Summary and conclusions 134
4.6.1 Time, overall approach and distribution into phases 135
4.6.2 Initial planning 138
4.6.3 Text generation: Segmentation of the writing process 140
4.6.4 Revising 142
4.6.5 Norms in the process 149
4.6.6 Process profiles 151
Chapter 5 Explicitation in the translation process 155
5.1 Research questions, data and methods 155
5.2 Russian and Swedish text connectives 158
5.2.1 Cohesion in Russian and Swedish 158
5.2.2 Implicit (asyndetic) additive coordination in Russian and Swedish 162
5.2.3 Implicit contrasts in Russian and Swedish 165
5.2.4 Expressing anteriority in Russian and Swedish and implicit temporal and causal linking 168
5.2.5 Textual characteristics of the Russian ST 170
5.3 Implicit additive links in the ST 172
5.3.1 The ST segments 172
5.3.2 Analysis of product data 174
5.3.3 Analysis of process data 176
5.3.3.1 Deciding to explicitate 177
5.3.3.2 Is the implicit additive link a problem in the translation process? 179
5.4 Implicit contrastive links in the ST 185
5.4.1 The ST segments 185
5.4.2 Analysis of product data 188
5.4.3 Analysis of process data 189
5.4.3.1 Non-problematic decisions 189
5.4.3.2 Problems in the process 191
5.4.4 No connective – no contrast expressed? 194
5.4.4.1 Repetitions, whims and happy coincidences 194
5.4.4.2 Contradicting the Tsar’s orders –semi-legal action? 199
5.5 Temporal and causal links 204
5.5.1 The ST segments 204
5.5.2 Analysis of product data 207
5.5.3 Analysis of process data 209
5.5.3.1 Non-problematic decisions 209
5.5.3.2 Problems in the process 211
5.5.3.3 Other cases of explicitation of implicit causal links 217
5.6 Summary and conclusions 219
Chapter 6 Summing up and discussing the implications 229
6.1 Summing up 229
6.2 Features of expertise in the translation process 230
6.2.1 Planning, text generation and revision 230
6.2.2 Literal and non-literal translation procedures in the process 232
6.2.3 Learning by doing 235
6.3 Explicitation – a universal in translation? 236
6.4 The validity and generalizability of the results 239
6.5 Implications for teaching translation 242
Appendix 1. The Russian source text 245
Appendix 2. English translation of the Russian source text 247
Appendix 3. The target texts of the participants 249
Appendix 4. TT versions analyzed in Chapter 5 263
References 271
Index 287
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还没人写过短评呢
还没人写过短评呢