The Cognitive Neurosciences

The sixth edition of the foundational reference on cognitive neuroscience, with entirely new material that covers the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The sixth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart ne...

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The sixth edition of the foundational reference on cognitive neuroscience, with entirely new material that covers the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The sixth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biological underpinnings of complex cognition-the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. It offers entirely new material, reflecting recent advances in the field, covering the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. This sixth edition treats such foundational topics as memory, attention, and language, as well as other areas, including computational models of cognition, reward and decision making, social neuroscience, scientific ethics, and methods advances. Over the last twenty-five years, the cognitive neurosciences have seen the development of sophisticated tools and methods, including computational approaches that generate enormous data sets. This volume deploys these exciting new instruments but also emphasizes the value of theory, behavior, observation, and other time-tested scientific habits.

David Poeppel is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University, and Director of the Department of Neuroscience at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics.

George R. Mangun is Director of the Center for Mind and Brain, Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Neurology, and Director of the Kavli Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience at the Uni...

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David Poeppel is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University, and Director of the Department of Neuroscience at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics.

George R. Mangun is Director of the Center for Mind and Brain, Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Neurology, and Director of the Kavli Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis, and coeditor of the fifth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences (MIT Press).

Michael S. Gazzaniga is Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Director of the SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Codirector of the Kavli Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, and editor or coeditor of the five previous editions of The Cognitive Neurosciences (all published by the MIT Press).

Steven P. Wise is a Research Biologist in the Senior Biomedical Research Service at the National Institute of Mental Health.

Jason Scott Robert is Lincoln Chair in Ethics, Associate Professor in the School of Life Sciences, and Director of the Lincoln Center for Applied Ethics at Arizona State University.

Rodney Douglas is Director of the Institute of Neuroinformatics and Professor of Neuroinformatics at the University of Zurich.

Olaf Sporns is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Adjunct Professor in the School of Informatics and Computing, Codirector of the Indiana University Network Science Institute, a member of the programs in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, and Head of the Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at Indiana University Bloomington.

Steven J. Luck is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California, Davis. A leading authority on ERP research, he leads ERP Boot Camps that provide ERP training to researchers from around the world.

Bruno A. Olshausen is Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology and the Center for Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis.

Alan Yuille is Professor in the Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles.

Matthew F. S. Rushworth is Professor in the Department of Experimental Psychology and the Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain at Oxford University.

Scott H. Johnson-Frey is Research Associate Professor in the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Dartmouth College.

Michael E. Hasselmo is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Computational Neurophysiology Laboratory at Boston University, where he is also a faculty member in the Center for Memory and Brain and the Program in Neuroscience and principal investigator on grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and the Office of Naval Research.

Peter Hagoort is Director of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Director of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

David Poeppel is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University, and Director of the Department of Neuroscience at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics.

Lorraine Komisarjevsky Tyler is Professor of Psychology at the University of London.

Peter Hagoort is Director of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Director of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Stephen C. Levinson is Director of the Language and Cognition Group at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands.

Morten H. Christiansen is Professor of Psychology and Codirector of the Cognitive Science Program at Cornell University.

Paul W. Glimcher is Associate Professor of Neural Science and Psychology at the Center for Neural Science, New York University.

Elizabeth A. Phelps is Professor of Psychology at New York University.

Elizabeth A. Phelps is Professor of Psychology at New York University.

Gabriel Kreiman is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School.

Christof Koch is President and Chief Scientist of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle, following twenty-seven years as a Professor at the California Institute of Technology. He is the author of Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist (MIT Press), The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach, and other books.

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong is Stillman Professor of Practical Ethics in the Philosophy Department and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. He edited the previous volumes in Moral Psychology.

Lasana T. Harris is Senior Lecturer in Experimental Psychology at University College London and Guest Lecturer in Social and Organizational Psychology at Leiden University.

James Rodger Fleming is Charles A. Dana Professor of Science, Technology, and Society at Colby College.

Contents
Preface
I BRAIN CIRCUITS OVER A LIFETIME
Introduction • Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger
1 Early Moral Cognition: A Principle-Based Approach • Melody Buyukozer Dawkins, Fransisca Ting, Maayan Stavans, and Renée Baillargeon
2 Imaging Structural Brain Development in Childhood and Adolescence • Christian K. Tamnes and Kathryn L. Mills
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Contents
Preface
I BRAIN CIRCUITS OVER A LIFETIME
Introduction • Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger
1 Early Moral Cognition: A Principle-Based Approach • Melody Buyukozer Dawkins, Fransisca Ting, Maayan Stavans, and Renée Baillargeon
2 Imaging Structural Brain Development in Childhood and Adolescence • Christian K. Tamnes and Kathryn L. Mills
3 Cognitive Control and Affective Decision-Making in Childhood and Adolescence • Eveline A. Crone and Anna C. K.van Duijvenvoorde
4 Social Cognition and Social Brain Development in Adolescence • Emma J. Kilford and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
5 A Lifespan Perspective on Human Neurocognitive Plasticity • Kristine Beate Walhovd and Martin Lövdén
6 Brains, Hearts, and Minds: Trajectories of Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Change and Their Modification by Vascular and Metabolic Factors • Naftali Raz
7 Brain Maintenance and Cognition in Old Age • Lars Nyberg and Ulman Lindenberger
8 The Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System’s Role in Cognition and How It Changes with Aging • Mara Mather
II AUDITORY AND VISUAL PERCEPTION
Introduction • Kalanit Grill-Spectorand Maria Chait
9 The Cognitive Neuroanatomy of Human Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex • Kevin S. Weiner and Jason D. Yeatman
10 Population Receptive Field Models in Human Visual Cortex • Jonathan Winawer and Noah C. Benson
11 Face Perception • Bruno Rossion and Talia L. Retter
12 Multisensory Perception: Behavior, Computations, and Neural Mechanisms • Uta Noppeney
13 Computational Models of Human Object and Scene Recognition • Aude Oliva
14 Brain Mechanisms of Auditory Scene Analysis • Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham
15 Neural Filters for Challenging Listening Situations • Jonas Obleser and Julia Erb
16 Three Functions of Prediction Error for Bayesian Inference in Speech Perception • Matthew H. Davis and Ediz Sohoglu
III MEMORY
Introduction • Tomás J. Ryan and Charan Ranganath
17 Ignoring the Innocuous: Neural Mechanisms of Habituation • Samuel F. Cooke and Mani Ramaswami
18 Memory and Instinct as a Continuum of Information Storage • Tomás J. Ryan
19 Context in Spatial and Episodic Memory • Joshua B. Julian and Christian F. Doeller
20 Maps, Memories, and the Hippocampus • Charan Ranganath and Arne D. Ekstrom
21 Memory across Development with Insights from Emotional Learning: A Nonlinear Process • Heidi C. Meyer and Siobhan S. Pattwell
22 Episodic Memory Modulation: How Emotion and Motivation Shape the Encoding and Storage of Salient Memories • Matthias J. Gruber and Maureen Ritchey
23 Replay-Based Consolidation Governs Enduring Memory Storage • Ken A. Paller, James W. Antony, Andrew R. Mayes, and Kenneth A. Norman
24 The Dynamic Memory Engram Life Cycle: Reactivation, Destabilization, and Reconsolidation • Temidayo Orederuand Daniela Schiller
IV ATTENTION AND WORKING MEMORY
Introduction • Sabine Kastner and Steven Luck
25 Memory and Attention: The Back and Forth • A. C. (Kia) Nobre and M. S. Stokes
26 The Developmental Dynamics of Attention and Memory • Gaia Scerif
27 Network Models of Attention and Working Memory • Monica D. Rosenberg and Marvin M. Chun
28 The Role of Alpha Oscillations for Attention and Working Memory • Ole Jensen and Simon Hanslmayr
29 A Role for Gaze Control Circuitry in the Selection and Maintenance of Visual Spatial Information • Tirin Moore, Donatas Jonikaitis, and Warren Pettine
30 Online and Off-Line Memory States in the Human Brain • Edward Awh and Edward K. Vogel
31 How Working Memory Works • Timothy J. Buschman and Earl K. Miller
32 Functions of the Visual Thalamus in Selective Attention • W. Martin Usrey and Sabine Kastner
V NEUROSCIENCE, COGNITION, AND COMPUTATION: LINKING HYPOTHESES
Introduction • Stanislas Dehaene and Josh McDermott
33 An Optimization-Based Approach to Understanding Sensory Systems • Daniel Yamins
34 Physical Object Representations for Perception and Cognition • Ilker Yildirim, Max Siegel, and Joshua Tenenbaum
35 Constructing Perceptual Decision-Making across Cortex • Román Rossi-Pool, José Vergara, and Ranulfo Romo
36 Rationality and Efficiency in Human Decision-Making • Christopher Summerfield and Konstantinos Tsetsos
37 Opening Burton’s Clock: Psychiatric Insights from Computational Cognitive Models • Daniel Bennett and Yael Niv
38 Executive Control and Decision-Making: A Neural Theoryof Prefrontal Function • Etienne Koechlin
39 Semantic Representationin the Human Brain under Rich, Naturalistic Conditions • Jack L. Gallant and Sara F. Popham
VI INTENTION, ACTION, CONTROL
Introduction • Richard B. Ivry and John W. Krakauer
40 The Physiology of the Healthy and Damaged Corticospinal Tract • Monica A. Perez
41 The Neuroscience of Brain-Machine Interfaces • Andrew Jackson
42 Somatosensory Input for Real-World Hand and Arm Control • Jeffrey Weiler and J. Andrew Pruszynski
43 Reorganizationin Adult Primate Sensorimotor Cortex: Does It Really Happen? • Tamar R. Makin, Jörn Diedrichsen, and John W. Krakauer
44 The Basal Ganglia Invigorate Actions and Decisions • David Robbe and Joshua Tate Dudman
45 Preparation of Movement • Adrian M. Haith and Sven Bestmann
46 Visuomotor Adaptation Tasks as a Window into the Interplay between Explicit and Implicit Cognitive Processes • Jordan A. Taylor and Samuel D. McDougle
47 Apraxia: A Disorder at the Cognitive-Motor Interface • Laurel J. Buxbaum and Solène Kalénine
VII REWARD AND DECISION MAKING
Introduction • Daphna Shohamy and Wolfram Schultz
48 Dopamine Reward Prediction Errors: The Interplay between Experiments and Theory • Clara K. Starkweather and Naoshige Uchida
49 Dopamine Prediction Error Responses Reflect Economic Utility • William R. Stauffer and Wolfram Schultz
50 The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Economic Decisions • Katherine E. Conen and Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
51 Neural Mechanisms of Perceptual Decision-Making • Gabriel M. Stine, Ariel Zylberberg, Jochen Ditterich, and Michael N. Shadlen
52 Memory, Reward, and Decision-Making • Katherine Duncan and Daphna Shohamy
53 The Role of the Primate Amygdala in Reward and Decision-Making • Fabian Grabenhorst, C. Daniel Salzman, and Wolfram Schultz
54 Cortico-Striatal Circuits and Changes in Reward, Learning, and Decision-Making in Adolescence • Adriana Galván, Kristen Delevich, and Linda Wilbrecht
55 Dopamine and Reward: Implications for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders • Andrew Westbrook, Roshan Cools, and Michael J. Frank
VIII METHODS ADVANCES
Introduction • Danielle Bassett and Nikolas Kriegeskorte
56 Representational Models and the Feature Fallacy • Jörn Diedrichsen
57 An Introduction to Time-Resolved Decoding Analysis for M/EEG • Thomas A. Carlson, Tijl Grootswagers, and Amanda K. Robinson
58 Encoding and Decoding Framework to Uncover the Algorithms of Cognition • Jean-RémiKing, Laura Gwilliams, Chris Holdgraf, Jona Sassenhagen, Alexandre Barachant, Denis Engemann, Eric Larson, and Alexandre Gramfort
59 Deep Learning for Cognitive Neuroscience • Katherine R. Storrs and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte
60 Connectomes, Generative Models, and Their Implications for Cognition • Petra E. Vértes
61 Network-BasedApproaches for Understanding Intrinsic Control Capacities of the Human Brain • Danielle Bassett and Fabio Pasqualetti
62 Functional Connectivity and Neuronal Dynamics: Insights from Computational Methods • Demian Battaglia and Andrea Brovelli
IX CONCEPTS AND CORE DOMAINS
Introduction • Marina Bedny and Alfonso Caramazza
63 Concepts of Actions and Their Objects • Anna Leshinskaya, Moritz F. Wurm, and Alfonso Caramazza
64 The Representation of Tools in the Human Brain • Bradford Z. Mahon
65 Naïve Physics: Building a Mental Model of How the World Behaves • Jason Fischer
66 Concepts and Object Domains • Yanchao Bi
67 Concepts, Models, and Minds • Alex Clarke and Lorraine K. Tyler
68 The Contribution of Sensorimotor Experience to the Mind and Brain • Marina Bedny
69 Spatial Knowledge and Navigation • Russell A. Epstein
70 The Nature of Human Mathematical Cognition • Jessica F. Cantlon
71 Conceptual Combination • Marc N. Coutanche, Sarah H. Solomon, and Sharon L. Thompson-Schill
X LANGUAGE
Introduction • Liina Pylkkänen and Karen Emmorey
72 The Crosslinguistic Neuroscience of Language • Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Matthias Schlesewsky
73 The Neurobiology of Sign Language Processing • Mairéad MacSweeney and Karen Emmorey
74 The Neurobiology of Syntactic and Semantic Structure Building • Liina Pylkkänen and Jonathan R. Brennan
75 The Brain Network That Supports High-Level Language Processing • Evelina Fedorenko
76 Neural Processing of Word Meaning • Jeffrey R. Binder and Leonardo Fernandino
77 Neural Mechanisms Governing the Perception of Speech under Adverse Listening Conditions • Patti Adank
78 The Cerebral Bases of Language Acquisition • Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz and Claire Kabdebon
79 Aphasia and Aphasia Recovery • Stephen M. Wilson and Julius Fridriksson
XI SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE
Introduction • Elizabeth Phelps and Mauricio Delgado
80 Neurobiology of Infant Threat Processing and Developmental Transitions • Patrese A. Robinson-Drummer, Tania Roth, Charlis Raineki, Maya Opendak, and Regina M. Sullivan
81 More than Just Friends: An Exploration of the Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Social Support and Health • Erica A. Hornstein, Tristen K. Inagaki, and Naomi I. Eisenberger
82 Mechanisms of Loneliness • Stephanie Cacioppo and John T.Cacioppo
83 Neural Mechanisms of Social Learning • Dominic S. Fareri, Luke J. Chang, and Mauricio Delgado
84 Social Learning of Threat and Safety • Andreas Olsson, Philip Pärnamets, Erik C. Nook, and Björn Lindström
85 Neurodevelopmental Processes That Shape the Emergence of Value-Guided Goal-Directed Behavior • Catherine Insel, Juliet Y. Davidow, and Leah H. Somerville
86 The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation • Julian A. Wills, Leor Hackel, Oriel Feldman Hall, Philip Pärnamets, and Jay J. Van Bavel
87 Interpersonal Neuroscience • Thalia Wheatley and Adam Boncz
XII NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY
Introduction • Anjan Chatterjee and Adina Roskies
88 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment and Decision-Making • Joshua D. Greene and Liane Young
89 Law and Neuroscience: Progress, Promise, and Pitfalls • Owen D. Jones and Anthony D. Wagner
90 Neuroscience and Socioeconomic Status • Martha J. Farah
91 A Computational Psychiatry Approach toward Addiction • Xiaosi Gu and Bryon Adinoff
92 Neurotechnologies for Mind Reading: Prospects for Privacy • Adina Roskies
93 Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement: Implications for Ethics and Society • George Savulich and Barbara J. Sahakian
94 Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neurorehabilitation • Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
95 Aesthetics: From Mind to Brain and Back • Oshin Vartanian and Anjan Chatterjee
96 Music: Prediction, Production, Perception, Plasticity, and Pleasure • Robert J. Zatorre and Virginia B. Penhune
XIII LOOKING AHEAD: CHALLENGES IN ADVANCING COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
97 Towarda Socially Responsible, Transparent, and Reproducible Cognitive Neuroscience • Sikoya M. Ashburn, David Abugaber, James W. Antony, Kelly A. Bennion, David Bridwell, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Manoj Doss, Lucía Fernández, Inge Huijsmans, Lara Krisst, Regina Lapate, Evan Layher, Josiah Leong, Yuanning Li, Freddie Marquez, Felipe Munoz-Rubke, Elizabeth Musz, Tara K. Patterson, John P. Powers, Daria Proklova, Kristina M. Rapuano, Charles S. H. Robinson, Jessica M. Ross, Jason Samaha, Matthew Sazma, Andrew X. Stewar
Contributors
Index
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