History of Neurology

The discipline of neurology emerged in the second half of the 19th Century. With it, chairs and departments of neurology, training programs, specialized journals, and new societies came into being. Trying to understand disorders of the nervous system, however, has roots that can be traced back into antiquity, and the new discipline did not develop in similar ways throughout t...

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The discipline of neurology emerged in the second half of the 19th Century. With it, chairs and departments of neurology, training programs, specialized journals, and new societies came into being. Trying to understand disorders of the nervous system, however, has roots that can be traced back into antiquity, and the new discipline did not develop in similar ways throughout the world. Further, whereas some neurological disorders seemed relatively easy to understand even before there was a neurological examination, others posed challenges, and many still remain shrouded in mystery. The authors of the present volume examine the fascinating prehistory of neurology, its emergence with as an independent discipline, and how it developed throughout the world. They also look at a number of neurological disorders, some sensory, others motor, and still others affecting higher cognitive functions, to illustrate how our understanding of neurological disorders has changed over time. With 55 chapters, many covering material that has received little or no coverage in other books, this history of neurology is unique in its breadth and depth. Filling a great void, its pages are laced with fascinating medical facts, information about people, and cultural connections. This volume is sure to appeal to neurologists, historians of science and medicine, and inquisitive people from other fields --- readers who wish to understand the roots of a discipline and the challenges faced by its pioneers.

François Boller, M.D., Ph.D. has been co-Series Editor of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology since 2002. He.is a board-certified neurologist currently Professor of Neurology at the George Washington University Medical School (GW) in Washington, DC. He was born in Switzerland and educated in Italy where he obtained a Medical Degree at the University of Pisa. After specializing i...

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François Boller, M.D., Ph.D. has been co-Series Editor of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology since 2002. He.is a board-certified neurologist currently Professor of Neurology at the George Washington University Medical School (GW) in Washington, DC. He was born in Switzerland and educated in Italy where he obtained a Medical Degree at the University of Pisa. After specializing in Neurology at the University of Milan, Dr. Boller spent several years at the Boston VA and Boston University Medical School, including a fellowship under the direction of Dr. Norman Geschwind. He obtained a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio where he was in charge of Neuroscience teaching at the Medical School and was nominated Teacher of the Year. In 1983, Dr. Boller became Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh where he founded and directed one of the first NIH funded Alzheimer Disease Research Centers in the country. In 1989, he was put in charge of a Paris-based INSERM Unit dedicated to the neuropsychology and neurobiology of cerebral aging. He returned to the United States and joined the NIH in 2005, before coming to GW in July 2014.

Dr. Boller’s initial area of interest was aphasia and related disorders; he later became primarily interested in cognitive disorders and dementia with emphasis on the correlates of cognitive disorders with pathology, neurophysiology and imaging. He was one of the first to study the relation between Parkinson and Alzheimer disease, two processes that were thought to be unrelated. His current area of interest is Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders with emphasis on the early and late stages of the disease. He is also interested in the history of Neurosciences and is Past President of the International Society for the History of Neurosciences. He was the founding Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Neurology, the official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies (now European Academy of Neurology). He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology and a member of the American Neurological Association. In addition, he has chaired Committees within the International Neuropsychological Society, the International Neuropsychology Symposium, and the World Federation of Neurology (WFN). He has authored over 200 papers and books including the Handbook of Neuropsychology (Elsevier).

Foreword
Preface
List of contributors
Section 1 Beginnings
1. Ancient trepanation
2. Mesopotamia
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Foreword
Preface
List of contributors
Section 1 Beginnings
1. Ancient trepanation
2. Mesopotamia
3. Neurology in Ancient Egypt
4. Neurology in the Bible and the Talmud
5. The Greco-Roman world
6. After Galen: late Antiquity and the Islamic world
7. Neurological conditions in the European Middle Ages
8. The development of neurology and the neurological sciences in the 17th century
9. Understanding the nervous system in the 18th century
Section 2 Origins of modern neurology
10. The birth of localization theory
11. On the use of animal experimentation in the history of neurology
12. The anatomical foundations of clinical neurology
13. The contributions of neurophysiology to clinical neurology: an exercise in contemporary history
14. Landmarks of surgical neurology and the interplay of disciplines
15. Jean-Martin Charcot and the anatomo-clinical method of neurology
16. History of the development of the neurological examination
17. Cognitive assessment in neurology
18. The origins of functional brain imaging in humans
Section 3 Further developments of the discipline
19. Visual images and neurological illustration
20. Neurological illustration: from photography to cinematography
21. Special hospitals in neurology and neurosurgery
22. A history of child neurology and neurodisability
23. History of neuroendocrinology: “the spring of primitive existence”
24. The coming of molecular biology and its impact on clinical neurology
Section 4 Dysfunctions of the nervous system
25. Headache: an historical outline
26. A history of seizures and epilepsies: from the falling disease to dysrhythmias of the brain
27. A history of cerebrovascular disease
28. A history of bacterial meningitis
29. Historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: overview and
fat-soluble vitamin A
30. Historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins
31. Muscular dystrophy
32. Sensory and perceptual disorders
33. The history of movement disorders
34. The history of sleep medicine
35. The frontal lobes
36. History of aphasia: from brain to language
37. Alexia and agraphia
Section 5 Regional landmarks
38. American neurology
39. An historical overview of British neurology
40. History of neurology in France
41. The history of neurology in Scandinavia
42. Neurology and the neurological sciences in the German-speaking countries
43. The development of neurology in the Low Countries
44. History of neurology in Italy
45. A history of Russian and Soviet neuro(patho)logy
46. Neurology and traditional Chinese medicine
47. History of clinical neurology in Japan
48. History of neurology in Australia and New Zealand
49. Clinical neurology in Latin America
50. History of tropical neurology
Section 6 Treatments and recovery
51. Recovery of function: redundancy and vicariation theories
52. The emergence of the age variable in 19th-century neurology: considerations of recovery
patterns in acquired childhood aphasia
53. Rehabilitation therapies
54. The discovery of neurotransmitters, and applications to neurology
55. Neural transplantation
Index
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