Heinz Isler

Best known for his amazing free-form shell structures, Heinz Isler has inspired both architects and engineers with his dazzling creations. His work transcends the definition of mere structural engineering to the extent of becoming structural art. This book considers the unique work of this exceptional engineer.

Isler's primary medium of expression is the reinforced concrete she...

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Best known for his amazing free-form shell structures, Heinz Isler has inspired both architects and engineers with his dazzling creations. His work transcends the definition of mere structural engineering to the extent of becoming structural art. This book considers the unique work of this exceptional engineer.

Isler's primary medium of expression is the reinforced concrete shell. Rejecting the use of mathematical formulae, he approaches the challenges of each new structure by using physical modelling to determine the form and subsequently to investigate its stability.

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 9
3 Enhanced Design Process of Tension Structures......Page 10
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Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 9
3 Enhanced Design Process of Tension Structures......Page 10
3.1 Shapeof Equilibrium......Page 11
3.2 Cutting Pattern......Page 14
3.3 Reassembling and Pretensioning......Page 16
3.4 Load Bearing Behaviour......Page 18
3.5 Evaluation......Page 19
Flexibility ellipsoids......Page 21
Redundancy......Page 22
References......Page 23
2.1 Design Process......Page 25
2.3 Load Analysis and Form-Finding......Page 26
2.4 Cutting Pattern Generation......Page 27
2.5 Design Methodologies......Page 29
3.1 Modelling and Simulation......Page 30
3.2 Element Types for Textile Modeling......Page 31
4.2 System Objectives......Page 33
5.1 Complex Hybrid Structure Designs......Page 34
5.2 Adaptive Design......Page 35
References......Page 36
1 Introduction......Page 37
The Force Density Method......Page 38
3 Analytical Form.nding with Technet’s Easy Software......Page 39
4 Force Density Statical Analysis......Page 40
6 Statical Analysis with Technet’s Easy Software......Page 41
7 The Complete Easy Lightweight Structure Design System......Page 43
8 Cutting Pattern Generation of Textile Structures......Page 44
10 Flexibility Ellipsoids for the Evaluation of Mechanical Structures......Page 46
References......Page 52
1 Introduction......Page 54
2 Governing Equations......Page 55
2.1 Deformation Gradient......Page 57
3 Weak Form for Equations of Motion......Page 58
3.1 Pressure Follower Loading......Page 61
4Reinforcement Cables......Page 62
4.3 Weak Form for Reinforcement......Page 63
5.1 Explicit Solution......Page 64
5.2 Implicit Solution......Page 65
Membrane tangent matrix......Page 66
5.3 Quasi-Static Solutions......Page 67
6.1 Sphere Subjected to Internal Follower Pressure......Page 68
6.3 Square Supported at 4-Corners......Page 69
6.4 In.ation of a Balloon......Page 72
References......Page 74
1 Introduction......Page 76
2 Formulation of the Rotation Free Shell Triangle......Page 77
2.1 De.nition of the Element Geometry and Computation of Membrane Strains......Page 78
2.2 Computation of Curvatures......Page 80
2.3 Boundary Conditions......Page 82
3 Convergence Studies......Page 84
3.2 Cylindrical Roof......Page 85
3.3 In.ation of aSphere......Page 86
4 Thin Shells and Membranes......Page 87
4.2 In.ation of a Square Air-bag......Page 88
4.3 In.ation of a Square Airbag Against a Spherical Object......Page 90
4.4 In.ation/De.ation of a Closed Tube......Page 92
5Concluding Remarks......Page 93
References......Page 94
2.1 Finite Element Model......Page 96
v......Page 97
J......Page 98
g......Page 99
x......Page 100
g......Page 101
dg......Page 102
2.2 Solution Procedure......Page 103
3 Wrinkling Simulation......Page 104
3.1 Enriched Material Model......Page 106
D......Page 107
S......Page 108
3.2 Validation......Page 109
4 Coupling Issues The Case of the Sails......Page 112
References......Page 115
1 Introduction......Page 116
2 Experimental Observations......Page 117
3Analytical Approach......Page 118
3.1 Stress Field......Page 119
3.2 Wrinkle Details......Page 121
4 Finite-Element Simulations......Page 124
4.1 Simulation Details......Page 125
5 Validation ofAnalytical and Finite-Element Models......Page 126
6 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 127
References......Page 128
1 Introduction......Page 130
2 Strong Formulation: General Structural Principles......Page 132
3.1 From the Strong to the Weak Formulation......Page 136
3.3 Linearization of the Global Equilibrium Equations......Page 138
3.4 Direct Core Congruential Formulation (DCCF)......Page 139
4 Numerical Example: Cable Network......Page 141
5 Numerical Example: Membrane......Page 142
6Concluding Remarks......Page 145
A.1 Appendix: Three-Node Isoparametric Linear Finite Element......Page 146
References......Page 148
1 Introduction......Page 150
Unknown......Page 0
3 Equilibrium of Surface Stresses......Page 152
4 Element Size Control......Page 153
F F......Page 154
F......Page 155
5.2 Tent Hu.ng¨ en......Page 156
6Conclusion......Page 157
References......Page 158
1 Introduction......Page 159
u......Page 160
g......Page 161
3 Linearization of the Volume Contribution for Gas and Fluid Models......Page 162
n......Page 163
g......Page 164
W......Page 165
u......Page 166
W......Page 167
d......Page 168
5.1 Pneumatic Multi-Chamber Structure Under Torsional Loading......Page 169
5.2 Hydrostatics of Partially Filled Multi-Chamber System with Interaction......Page 171
5.3 Elastic Cylindrical Vessel Fully Filled with Fluid......Page 172
5.4 Fluid Filling of Strongly Deformable Thin-Walled Shell......Page 175
6Conclusions......Page 176
References......Page 177
1 Introduction......Page 179
2.1 Snow Loading Experimental Analysis on Scale Models......Page 182
2.2 Wind Loading-Experimental Analysis on Scale Models: Rigid Structures-Quasi Static Behaviour The Cp factors: the Olympiakos S......Page 184
Measurementanduseofload time histories:The Thessaloniki Olympic sport complex......Page 188
2.3 Wind Loading-Experimental Analysis on Scale Models: Flexible Structures-Aerodynamic Behaviour: The olympic stadium in Rome......Page 191
3.2 Roof Structural System Data......Page 193
3.3 Failure Condition......Page 194
3.5Results and Conclusions......Page 195
3.6 Failure Probability and Sensibility Analysis......Page 196
4.2 Interpretation of Results......Page 197
4.3 Measurements and Monitoring......Page 199
References......Page 200
1 Introduction......Page 201
2.1 Technological Issues......Page 202
2.3 Mechanical Issues......Page 203
2.4 Aesthetical Issues......Page 204
3.1 Background......Page 205
3.2 Stress Composition Method......Page 207
3.3 Application......Page 208
4 Modelling of the Strip Prestressing......Page 210
6Appendix: Membrane Local Curvatures Computation......Page 213
6.1 The Calculation Strategy......Page 214
6.2 Applications......Page 216
References......Page 218
1 Permanent Membrane Structures with External Pretension......Page 219
2 Permanent and Temporary Membrane Structures with In.ated Walls......Page 220
4 Buoyancy-Structures......Page 222
5 Interesting Combinations......Page 225
References......Page 226
1 Introduction......Page 227
2.1 Principles of Composition......Page 228
2.2 Structural Components......Page 229
2.3 Transmission of Forces......Page 230
3.1 Self-Erection Procedure......Page 231
3.2 Post-Tensioning Applied to Completed Structure......Page 232
4.1 Structures with Variable Rigidity......Page 233
4.2 Adaptable – Hardening Structure......Page 234
5.1 Air-In.ated Cushions......Page 235
5.2 Connections of Cushions......Page 236
5.3 Air Supplying System......Page 238
6.2 Construction Site Shelter......Page 239
6.4 Deployable In.ated Bridge......Page 240
References......Page 245
Space Applications......Page 246
Civil applications......Page 247
2.1 High Pressure In.atable Structures......Page 248
Air supported system......Page 249
Air in.ated system......Page 250
Structures formed by in.atable tubes......Page 251
3 Structural Analysis and Pattern Design......Page 252
4 Architectural Design......Page 254
5 Development Lines......Page 255
6.1 ECCOMAS 2000 Pavilion......Page 256
6.2 Gaudi Institute Exhibition Pavilion......Page 257
Public Engineering Constructions exhibition......Page 258
References......Page 261
1 Introduction......Page 263
2.1 De.nition......Page 264
2.2 Applications & Historical Background Early Work: In.atable Satellites......Page 265
Precision Structures......Page 266
Backbones......Page 268
Heavy-Duty Elements for Manned Flight......Page 269
Mechanical Rigidization......Page 271
Physically induced rigidization: cold rigidization, shape memory and solvent evaporation......Page 272
3.2 Technology Evaluation Rigidization Techniques Selection Criteria......Page 273
4 Rigidization by UV-Visible Curing......Page 275
4.1 Photo-Initiation......Page 276
4.2 Optimizing Material Properties......Page 279
4.3 Feasability Demonstration on Composite Structures......Page 282
5Conclusion......Page 283
References......Page 284
Form-Optimizing Processes in Biological Structures. Self-generating structures in nature based on pneumatics......Page 288
2 Pneumatic Structures in Nature......Page 289
3 2-D Bubble Clusters......Page 291
4 Mathematics/Geometry......Page 292
Con.guring and integratingform systems......Page 293
Genetic algorithms......Page 294
Computer-compressed evolution......Page 296
6 Biological Models......Page 297
7Architectural Applications......Page 301
Nicholas Grimshaw Architects......Page 303
Construction and Internal structure......Page 304
8 Intelligent Structures and Materials......Page 305
References......Page 306
Making Blobs with a Textile Mould......Page 307
2 Blobs with a Textile Mould......Page 308
3 Form-Active/Surface Active......Page 309
4.1 Introduction......Page 310
4.3 Geometrical Complexity and Production Technology......Page 311
4.5 Structural Optimisation......Page 312
4.6 Vacuum Injection......Page 313
5.2 Conclusions from the Structural Calculations......Page 314
5.3 The Form-Active Analysis of the Structure......Page 315
Tension Cable......Page 317
5.5 Variety of Pneu Combinations......Page 318
5.6Scale Model......Page 319
6 The Art Pavillion......Page 320
7Conclusion......Page 323
References......Page 324
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