A New Unified Theory of Psychology

Following the demise of the so-called grand theories offered by luminaries like Sigmund Freud, B. F. Skinner, and Carl Rogers, the field of psychology largely gave up its early aspirations to paint a broad picture of the human condition, and now the discipline focuses primarily on empirical problems that have a relatively narrow scope. The consequence has been a proliferation o...

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Following the demise of the so-called grand theories offered by luminaries like Sigmund Freud, B. F. Skinner, and Carl Rogers, the field of psychology largely gave up its early aspirations to paint a broad picture of the human condition, and now the discipline focuses primarily on empirical problems that have a relatively narrow scope. The consequence has been a proliferation of interesting findings with no real capacity to answer big questions or to generate a shared general understanding of the human condition. This book seeks to change the status quo and offers up a new unified theory of psychology that redefines the science and the profession and paints a new picture of human nature in the process.

Dr. Gregg Henriques is Associate Professor and Director of the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University. He received his Masters degree in Clinical/Community Psychology from the University of North Carolina-Charlotte in 1996 and his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at the University of Vermont in 1999. Prior to coming to JMU...

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Dr. Gregg Henriques is Associate Professor and Director of the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program in Clinical and School Psychology at James Madison University. He received his Masters degree in Clinical/Community Psychology from the University of North Carolina-Charlotte in 1996 and his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at the University of Vermont in 1999. Prior to coming to JMU in 2003, he spent four years at the University of Pennsylvania where he worked with Dr. Aaron T. Beck, exploring the effectiveness of psychotherapy for individuals who recently attempted suicide. Dr. Henriques has been working on the Tree of Knowledge System for just over a decade. During his Masters degree, he had become interested in the field of psychotherapy integration and began surveying diverse bodies of literature. It was late in 1996, while he was reading up on research in social cognitive theory, evolutionary psychology and psychodynamic theory that he had the key insight that led to the Justification Hypothesis. Six months after that pivotal idea, he had developed the basic structure of the Tree of Knowledge System.

Part I Introduction and Overview
1 From Racing Horses to Seeing the Elephant
Sparking the Search for the Elephant
The Currently Dismembered Elephant: Reviewing Key
Insights from Major Paradigms
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Theory
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Part I Introduction and Overview
1 From Racing Horses to Seeing the Elephant
Sparking the Search for the Elephant
The Currently Dismembered Elephant: Reviewing Key
Insights from Major Paradigms
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Theory
Behaviorism
Existentialism and Humanistic Psychology
The Cognitive Approaches
Evolutionary Psychology
Cultural Psychology
The Elephant: The Four Pieces That Make Up the Unified Theory
The Development of the Justification Hypothesis
The Nature of Justification Systems
Toward a New Vision
2 The Problem of Psychology
Psychology’s Philosophical Woes
Problems of Definition and Subject Matter
Problems in the Philosophy of Mind and Behavior
Problems of Epistemology, Mission, and Values
Problems of Disconnected Domains of Causality
Problems of Proliferation
Psychology on the Fault Lines of Human Knowledge
Part II The Four Pieces that Make Up the Unified Theory
3 Behavioral Investment Theory
The Six Principles of Behavioral Investment Theory
Applying the Insights of Behavioral Investment Theory: The Behavioral Shutdown Model of Depression
Behavioral Investment Theory and the Connection with Other Proposals
W. T. Powers’ Perceptual Control Theory
Arthur Staats’ Psychological Behavioral Theory of Learning
Peggy LaCerra’s Adaptive Representational Networks
David Geary’s Motive to Control as the Central Principle of Mind
Behavioral Investment Theory and the Architecture of the Human Mind
Level 1: Sensory-Motor
Level 2: Operant Experiential
Level 3: Imaginative Thought
Level 4: Linguistic Justification
An Everyday Example
Conclusion
4 The Influence Matrix
The Basics of the Influence Matrix
The Key Elements of the Influence Matrix
The Need for Social Influence
The Initial State of Dependency
Competition and Dominance
Cooperation, Altruism, and Affiliation
Autonomy and the Freedom from Influence
The Negatively Reinforcing Defensive Strategies of Hostility and Submission
The Dynamic Interrelationships Between the Dimensions
Emotions on the Outer Ring
The Self-Other Quadrants
Spheres of Influence
Assimilating and Integrating Major Programs of Research with the Influence Matrix
The Influence Matrix and Psychodynamic Theory
The Influence Matrix and the Interpersonal Circumplex
The Influence Matrix and Attachment Theory
The Influence Matrix and Parenting Styles
The Influence Matrix and Sociometer Theory
The Influence Matrix, Agency and Communion, and the Self-Other Dialectic
The Influence Matrix and Personality Trait Theory
Putting the Influence Matrix into Action: An Analysis of Ordinary People
Summary and Conclusion
5 The Justification Hypothesis
Linking Human Self-Consciousness to the Adaptive Problem of Social Justification
Review of the Evidence for Advanced Capacity for Self-Consciousness in Humans
The Role of Language in the Emergence of the Problem of Social Justification
A Tripartite Model of Human Consciousness
A Dual Processing Model of Cognition and Consciousness
The Three Domains of Human Consciousness
The Context of Justification
The Two Filters
Assimilating and Integrating Lines of Research with the Justification Hypothesis
The Justification Hypothesis and the Interpreter Function of the Left Hemisphere
The Justification Hypothesis and Cognitive Dissonance
The Justification Hypothesis, Attributions, and the Self-Serving Bias
The Justification Hypothesis and the Forces That Guide the Organization of Self-Knowledge
The Enhancement Motive
The Accuracy Motive
The Consistency Motive
The Justification Hypothesis and Research on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes
The Justification Hypothesis and Research on Reason Giving
The Justification Hypothesis and Research on Reasoning
Culture As the Rise of Collective Justification Systems
The Justification Hypothesis and the Transmission of Technology
The Justification Hypothesis and the Emergence of Norms
The Justification Hypothesis and the Emergence of the Cultural Dimension of Complexity
Culture as Large-Scale Collective Systems of Justification
Conclusion
6 The Tree of Knowledge System
Seeing the World Through the Prism of the ToK System
A New Approach to Emergent Evolution
The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and the Emergence of Sociobiology
Wilson’s Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
Consilience
Reductionism Versus Emergence
The Relationship Between the Natural and Social Sciences
The Fact-Value Distinction and the Relationship Between the Sciences and Humanities
The Need for Unification and the Nature of Knowledge
Achieving Consilience with the ToK System
Reductionism Versus Emergence .
The Boundaries Between the Natural and Social Sciences
The Fact-Value Distinction and the Relationship Between the Sciences and Humanities
The Need for Unification and the Nature of Knowledge
Aggression: A Concrete Example Contrasting the Two Approaches
Conclusion
Part III Solving the Problem of Psychology
7 Defining Psychology
Defining the Basic Science of Psychology As the Science of Mental Behavior
Mental Behaviorism
Psychology’s Three Great Branches
Psychological Formalism
Human Psychology
Professional Psychology
The Relationship Between Research and Practice in Professional Psychology
Conclusion
8 Toward a Unified Psychotherapy
Assimilating and Integrating Key Insights from the Major Approaches in Psychotherapy
Key Components of Contemporary Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy Through the Lens of the Unified Theory
Key Components of Contemporary Cognitive Therapy
Contemporary Cognitive Therapy Through the Lens of the Unified Theory
Key Components of Contemporary Experiential Therapy
Contemporary Experiential Therapies from the Vantage Point of the Unified Theory
Key Components of Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy
Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy from the Lens of the Unified Theory
The Unified Component Systems Approach to Conceptualizing People
The Biological Context
The Learning and Developmental Context
The Sociocultural Context
The Habit System
The Experiential System
The Relational System
The Defensive System
The Justification System
An Example Applying the Unified Component Systems Approach to Conceptualizing
Conclusion
Part IV Conclusion
9 The Fifth Joint Point
The Unified Theory As a New Scientific Humanistic Worldview
The Science Wars
Science As a Kind of Justification System
The Elements of Justification Systems
Valuing the Scientific and the Humanistic Components of Justification Systems
The Story of the Universe As Told by the Unified Theory
Religion and Creation Science from the Vantage Point of the Unified Theory
The Unified Theory and Creationism
Toward the Fifth Joint Point
10 Epilogue: The Future of the Discipline .
References
Index
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