Mental Health in China and the Chinese Diaspora

Following on the previous volume, Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific, which was co-edited with Milton Lewis, this book explores historical and contemporary developments in mental health in China and Chinese immigrant populations. It presents the development of mental health policies and services from the 19th Century until the present time, offering a clear view of the antec...

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Following on the previous volume, Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific, which was co-edited with Milton Lewis, this book explores historical and contemporary developments in mental health in China and Chinese immigrant populations. It presents the development of mental health policies and services from the 19th Century until the present time, offering a clear view of the antecedents of today’s policies and practice. Chapters focus on traditional Chinese conceptions of mental illness, the development of the Chinese mental health system through the massive political, social, cultural and economic transformations in China from the late 19th Century to the present, and the mental health of Chinese immigrants in several countries with large Chinese populations. China’s international political and economic influence and its capabilities in mental health science and innovation have grown rapidly in recent decades. So has China’s engagement in international institutions, and in global economic and health development activities. Chinese immigrant communities are to be found in almost all countries all around the world. Readers of this book will gain an understanding of how historical, cultural, economic, social, and political contexts have influenced the development of mental health law, policies and services in China and how these contexts in migrant receiving countries shape the mental health of Chinese immigrants. • Includes China and the Chinese Diaspora; • Integrates examination of mental health and mental health system development in context; • Features international experts in Chinese history and culture and their mental health aspects.

Foreword 6
Acknowledgement 8
Contents 9
Contributors 11
Chapter 1: Introduction 13
Mental Health System Development inChina 14
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Foreword 6
Acknowledgement 8
Contents 9
Contributors 11
Chapter 1: Introduction 13
Mental Health System Development inChina 14
Mental Health oftheChinese Diaspora 17
Structure oftheBook 18
References 19
Part I: Mental Health in China 22
Chapter 2: Madness inLate Imperial China: Law, Medicine, andRitual 23
Law, Policies, andSociety 24
Medical Understandings ofMadness: Fire andPhlegm 27
Emotions and“Constraint” 29
Ghosts andRitual Therapies 30
Conclusion 32
References 32
Chapter 3: Psychiatry inRepublican China 36
Condition ofMadness andMental Health inGeneral 37
Uneven Development ofPsychiatry 37
Psychiatrists andTheir Multiple Roles 40
Developers ofMedical Science 41
Providers ofMental Health Services 42
Experts oftheTechnologies oftheSelf 43
Conclusion 44
References 45
Chapter 4: Mental Health andPsychiatry During theMaoist Era: 1949–1976 49
Major Historical Developments 49
Professional Growth 49
Major Approaches toMental Illness 50
The 1958 Conference 51
The Cultural Revolution 51
Epidemiology 52
General Characteristics 52
Schizophrenia 53
Neurasthenia 53
Institutionalized Treatments 54
Hospitalization 54
Western andSoviet Approaches 55
Speedy Synthetic Therapy 55
Mental Health Through aChinese Cultural Lens 56
Traditional Chinese Medical Approaches 56
Culture-Bound Syndromes 56
The Social andPolitical Characteristics ofPsychiatry 57
Political Approach toMental Illness 57
Political Abuse ofPsychiatry 59
Conclusion 60
References 61
Chapter 5: Psychiatry andMental Health inPost-reform China 64
From Rehabilitation toCrisis 65
Formation ofthePublic Mental Health Reform 67
Psycho-Boom: AParallel Development 69
The Mental Health Law andIts Aftermath 70
Epilogue: Challenges andProspects 73
References 73
Chapter 6: From Means toGoal: AHistory ofMental Health inHong Kong from1850 to1960 76
Violent Sailors andSuicidal Chinese 78
Temporary Deposition oftheInsane inGaol andTung Wah Hospital 78
Reform ofTung Wah Hospital 79
Politics ofRepatriation 80
Criminal or Insane? 81
Psychiatric Knowledge andIts Practicality 83
Conclusion 84
References 84
Chapter 7: From theKerr Asylum totheAffiliated Brain Hospital ofGuangzhou Medical University 86
Introduction 87
The First Period: TheRise ofPsychiatric Hospital (1898–1950s) 87
The Second Period: Stagnant Development ofthePsychiatric Hospital (1960s–1970s) 90
The Third Period: TheRapid Development ofthePsychiatric Hospital (1980s–1990s) 92
The Fourth Period: TheCo-development oftheHospital andtheCommunity (Since the2000s Onward) 92
Conclusion 94
References 95
Chapter 8: China’s Mental Health Law 97
Introduction 98
Development oftheLaw 98
The Content oftheLaw 100
General Provisions 100
Psychological Health Promotion andMental Disorder Prevention 101
Diagnosis andTreatment ofMental Disorders 102
Rehabilitation ofMental Disorders 105
Safeguards 105
Legal Liability 106
Implementation Issues 107
Conclusion 108
References 108
Chapter 9: The National Mental Health Work Plan 2015–2020 111
Mental Health System Development inChina 1949–2015 113
Structure andContent oftheNational Mental Health WorkPlan 116
Background 118
General Requirements 118
Strategies andMeasures 121
Enforcement 124
Supervision andEvaluation 124
Does thePlan Address All Relevant Aspects ofMental Health Systems? 125
Conclusions 127
References 128
Chapter 10: The Rise oftheTherapeutic inContemporary China 131
The Notion ofTherapy 133
Therapeutic Governance 134
Therapy andSubjectivity 135
Psychologization 136
Therapeutic Economy 137
Therapeutic Consumption andEcopsychology 138
Therapeutic Lifestyles: Self-Preservation andSelf-Therapy 139
Conclusion 142
References 142
Part II: Mental Health in the Chinese Diaspora 144
Chapter 11: The Overseas Chinese Communities inSoutheast Asia andthePacific 145
Introduction 146
Major Types ofEmigrations fromChina 146
The Chinese inSoutheast Asia andthePacific 148
Indonesia 149
Malaysia 150
Philippines 151
United States 153
Canada 154
Australia 155
The Size andDistribution oftheOverseas Chinese Populations 156
Characteristics ofCountries withtheLargest Numbers ofOverseas Chinese 157
Conclusion 160
References 162
Chapter 12: Mental Health Issues Among Chinese Communities inMalaysia: ACultural andHistorical Approach 164
History oftheChinese inMalaysia 165
Unique Ecology andDiversities Within theChinese Community 166
Education System 166
Language andDialect Diversity 167
Cultural andReligious Practice 167
Sociopolitical Status 168
Mental Health Protective Factors intheChinese Community 169
Mental Health Challenges Experienced by theChinese Community 170
Children: Pressures forAchievement 170
Adolescents: Pressures fromAuthoritarian Parents 171
Adults: Family Differentiation Versus Lineage 171
Older Adults: Somatic Complaints andEmpty Nest Syndrome 172
Gaps inMental Health Services 173
Stigma Toward Mental Health Issues 173
Cost-Benefit Concerns 173
Lack ofMultilingual andCulturally Sensitive Mental Health Services 174
Uneven Distribution ofMental Health Services 174
Suggestions forFuture Mental Health Services 175
Contextualizing Mental Health Theories andParadigms 175
Enhancing Multicultural Competency andLiteracy inMental Health Professional Training Program 176
Cultivating theNext Generation ofChinese Service Providers 177
Building aChinese-Friendly Society Through Advocacy andPublic Policy 177
Conclusion 178
References 178
Chapter 13: The Contentious Social Positions ofPeople ofChinese Descent inIndonesia 184
Chinese Migration totheArchipelago 185
The Indonesian Revolution, 1945–1949 189
The Sukarno Era, 1950–1965 189
Suharto’s New Order, 1966–1998 191
The Fall ofSuharto andReformasi 192
The Mental Health Status oftheEthnic Chinese inIndonesia 194
Conclusions 196
References 197
Chapter 14: Social Boundaries andtheMental Health oftheLannang: Ethnic Chinese inthePhilippines 200
Analytical Framework andMethodology 201
A Linguistic Note 203
Being Chinese: tiong kok lang 203
Being Filial: yuhaolang 204
Being Male: Tapolang 205
Being aPerson withaSense ofShame: bin 206
Being Lannang vs Being huan 207
Language andMental Health 208
Le andMultiple Cultural Pathways 209
References 211
Chapter 15: Mental Health ofChinese inCanada 213
Historical andSocial Contexts 213
General Epidemiology andDeterminants ofMental Health 214
Group-Specific Epidemiology andDeterminants ofMental Health 215
Older Chinese Immigrants 216
Children andYouth 217
Utilization ofMental Health-Care Service 218
Barriers toMental Health-Care Services 219
Conclusion 220
References 221
Chapter 16: Mental Health ofChinese Immigrants inAustralia 226
Chinese Migration toAustralia 227
Chinese andAustralian Culture 229
Acculturation 231
Culture andPsychopathology 232
Prevalence ofMental Disorders 233
Mental Health Determinants 233
Suicide andSelf-Harm 234
Help-Seeking 235
Pathways toCare 236
Mental Health Service Utilisation 237
Politics, Migration andMental Health 239
Conclusion 239
References 241
Index 245
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