The Genus Actinidia

Contents
Foreword Preface Acknowledgements
Introduction 1
1 Systematics and Geic Variation of Actinidia 8
1.1 Taxonomic Revision 8
1.1.1 Actinidia Lindl 11
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Contents
Foreword Preface Acknowledgements
Introduction 1
1 Systematics and Geic Variation of Actinidia 8
1.1 Taxonomic Revision 8
1.1.1 Actinidia Lindl 11
1.1.2 Clematoclethra (Franch.) Mam. 15
1.1.3 Saurauia Willdenow 15
1.2 Treatment of Taxa in the Most Recent Revision of Actinidia 16
1.2.1 Three Varieties of Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zuccarini) Planchon ex Miquel 19
1.2.2 Actinidia melanandra Franchet, Varieties and Synonyms 19
1.2.3 Actinidia kolomikta (Mamowicz & Ruprecht) Mamowicz 19
1.2.4 Actinidia tetramera Mamowicz 19
1.2.5 Actinidia valvata Dunn 20
1.2.6 Actinidia callosa Lindley and A. umbelloides C.F. Liang 20
1.2.7 The Actinidia chinensis Planchon plex 20
1.2.8 Actinidia eriantha Bentham 21
1.2.9 Synonomy of Actinidia fortunatii Fi & Gagnepain,
A. glaucophylla F. Chun, A. henryi Dunn and A. gracilis C. F. Liang 21
1.2.10 Actinidia fulvia Hance, A. cinerascens C.F. Liang and
A. fulvia f. hirsuta (Fi & Gagnepain) C. F. Liang 22
1.2.11 Actinidia hemsleyana var. kengiana (F. P. Metcalf) C. F.Liang and
A. kengiana F. P. Metcalf 22
1.2.12 Actinidia carnosifolia C. Y. Wu, A. carnosifolia var. glaucescens C. F. Liang and A. henryi var. polyodonta Handel-Mazzetti 22
1.2.13 Actinidia flavofloris H. Z. Jiang 22
1.2.14 Actinidia leptophylla C. Y. Wu, A. maloides H. L. Li and A. maloides
f. cordata C. F. Liang 22
1.2.15 Actinidia jiangkouensis S. D. Shi & Z. S. Zhang and A. laevissima var. floscula S. D. Shi 22
1.2.16 Actinidia guilinensis C. F. Liang 23
1.2.17 Actinidia linguiensis R. G. Li & X. G. Wang and A. wantianensis
R. G. Li & L. Mo 23
1.2.18 Actinidia longicarpa R. G. Li & M. Y. Liang and A. rubraf ilmenta
R. G. Li & J. W. Li 23
1.2.19 Actinidia petelotii Diels and A. rudis Dunn 23
1.2.20 Actinidia pentapetala R. G. Li & J. W. Li 23
1.2.21 Actinidia zhejiangensis C.F. Liang and Actinidia persicina R. H. Huang & S. M. Wang 23
1.2.22 Actinidia vitifolia C.Y. Wu and A. rubus Léveillé 23
1.2.23 Actinidia rubricaulis Dunn and A. fasciculoides C.F. Liang 23
1.2.24 Actinidia ulmifolia C.F. Liang, A. sorbifolia C.F. Liang, A.
stellato-pilosa C.Y. Chang, A. obovata Chun ex C.F. Liang and
A. grandiflora C.F. Liang 23
1.3 Paleopolyploid Origin, Biogeographic Patterns and Reticulate Evolution 23
1.3.1 Paleopolyploid Origin and Evolution of Actinidia 23
1.3.2 Biogeographic Patterns and Reticulate Evolution 26
1.4 Actinidia Palynology 29
1.4.1 Pollen Size and Morphology 29
1.4.2 Phylogeic Relationships in Actinidia as Revealed by Pollen Morphology 30
1.4.3 Applications of Palynology 31
1.5 Flower Morphology and Sex Variation 34
1.6 Ploidy Variation and Breeding Applications 36
1.6.1 Basic Chromosome Number 36
1.6.2 Ploidy Races and Interploidy Hybridization 36
1.6.3 Nuclear DNA Content and Flow Cytometry 41
1.6.4 Ploidy Variation for Kiwifruit Breeding 42
1.7 Genomic Diversity 43
2 Species 44
2.1 Actinidia arguta 45
2.1a Actinidia arguta var. arguta 45
2.1b Actinidia arguta var. giraldii 47
2.2 Actinidia callosa 48
2.2a Actinidia callosa var. callosa 48
2.2b Actinidia callosa var. acuminata 50
2.2c Actinidia callosa var. discolor 51
2.2d Actinidia callosa var. henryi 53
2.2e Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa 55
2.3 Actinidia chengkouensis 56
2.4 Actinidia chinensis 58
2.4a Actinidia chinensis var. Chinensis 58
2.4b Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 60
2.4c Actinidia chinensis var. setosa 63
2.5 Actinidia chrysantha 65
2.6 Actinidia cylindrical 67
2.6a Actinidia cylindrica var. cylindrica 67
2.6b Actinidia cylindrica var. reticulata 69
2.7 Actinidia eriantha 70
2.8 Actinidia farinosa 73
2.9 Actinidia fasciculoides 75
2.9a Actinidia fasciculoides var. fasciculoides 75
2.9b Actinidia fasciculoides var. cuneata 76
2.9c Actinidia fasciculoides var. orbiculata 77
2.10 Actinidia fortunatii 78
2.11 Actinidia fulvia 80
2.11a Actinidia fulvia var. fulvia 80
2.11b Actinidia fulvia var. cinerascens 82
2.11c Actinidia fulvia var. hirsuta 84
2.11d Actinidia fulvia var. pachyphylla 85
2.12 Actinidia glaucocallosa 86
2.13 Actinidia grandiflora 88
2.14 Actinidia hemsleyana 90
2.15 Actinidia henryi 91
2.16 Actinidia holotricha 93
2.17 Actinidia hubeiensis 95
96
2.18a Actinidia indochinensis var. Indochinensis 97
2.18b Actinidia indochinensis var. ovatifolia 98
2.18 Actinidia indochinensis
2.19 Actinidia kolomikta 99
2.20 Actinidia laevissima 102
2.21 Actinidia lanceolata 103
2.22 Actinidia latifolia 105
2.22a Actinidia latifolia var. latifolia 105
2.22b Actinidia latifolia var. mollis 107
2.23 Actinidia liangguangensis 108
2.24 Actinidia lijiangensis 110
2.25 Actinidia linguiensis 112
2.26 Actinidia longicarpa 112
2.27 Actinidia macrosperma 114
2.27a Actinidia macrosperma var. macrosperma 114
2.27b Actinidia macrosperma var. mumoides 116
2.28 Actinidia melanandra 117
2.28a Actinidia melanandra var. melanandra 117
2.28b Actinidia melanandra var. glabrescens 120
2.29 Actinidia melliana 121
2.30 Actinidia obovata 122
2.31 Actinidia persicina 124
2.32 Actinidia pilosula 125
2.33 Actinidia polygama 127
2.34 Actinidia rongshuiensis 129
2.35 Actinidia rubricaulis 129
129
2.35b Actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea 131
2.35a Actinidia rubricaulis var. rubricaulis
2.36 Actinidia rubus 133
134
2.37 Actinidia rudis
134
2.37b Actinidia rudis var. glabricaulis 136
2.37a Actinidia rudis var. rudis
2.38 Actinidia rufa 137
2.39 Actinidia rufotricha 139
2.39a Actinidia rufotricha var. rufotricha 140
2.39b Actinidia rufotricha var. glomerata 141
2.40 Actinidia sabiifolia 143
2.41 Actinidia sorbifolia 145
2.42 Actinidia stellatopilosa 146
2.43 Actinidia styracifolia 147
149
2.44 Actinidia suberifolia
2.45 Actinidia tetramera 150
2.46 Actinidia trichogyna 152
2.47 Actinidia ulmifolia 153
2.48 Actinidia umbelloides 154
2.48a Actinidia umbelloides var. umbelloides 154
2.48b Actinidia umbelloides var. flabellifolia 156
2.49 Actinidia valvata 156
2.50 Actinidia venosa 158
2.51 Actinidia vitifolia 160
2.52 Actinidia zhejiangensis 162
2.53 Actinida hypoleuca 164
2.54 Actinidia strigosa 166
3 Natural Distribution of Genus Actinidia 167
3.1 Regional Distribution, Natural Habitats, and Wild Production 167
3.1.1 China 167
3.1.2 East Asia and Southeast Asia 181
3.2 Vertical Distribution 183
3.3 Geographic Distribution of Commercially Important Species 183
3.4 Geographically Overlapping Distributions, Natural hybridization and Gene Introgression of Species 187
4 Domestication and Commercialization of Actinidia 189
4.1 Use of Actinidia Natural Resources in Ancient China 189
4.2 Early Western Introductions of Actinidia Species 191
4.3 Domestication and Commercialization of A. chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa 192
4.3.1 First Botanical Specimens 192
4.3.2 Cultivation of A. chinensis var. deliciosa Outside China 193
4.3.3 Commercialization of A. chinensis var. deliciosa 195
4.3.4 Early Attempts to Cultivate A. chinensis var. chinensis Outside China 197
4.4 Domestication and Commercialization of A. chinensis var. chinensis in China 198
4.4.1 Initial Experimental Cultivation 198
4.4.2 Evaluation of Wild Actinidia Germplasm in China 199
4.4.3 Start of Commercial Cultivation of A. chinensis var. chinensis in China 200
4.4.4 Commercialization of A. chinensis var. chinensis Outside China 200
4.5 Domestication and Commercialization of A. kolomikta,
A. arguta, A. polygama and A. eriantha 202
4.6 The World Kiwifruit Industry 203
4.6.1 World Plantings of Kiwifruit 203
4.6.2 World Production of Kiwifruit 204
4.6.3 Important Kiwifruit Cultivars in International Trade 204
4.6.4 Segmentation of the Kiwifruit Market 206
5 Geic Improvements and Cultivar Development
of Actinidia 209
5.1 Variation in Important Fruit Characteristics of Actinidia 209
5.1.1 Fruit Size 209
5.1.2 Fruit Shape 211
5.1.3 Fruit Hairs and Skin 211
5.1.4 Fruit Color 215
5.1.5 Ripening Indicators 217
5.1.6 Fruit Texture 217
5.1.7 Fruit Flavor 218
5.1.8 Health Benefits of Kiwifruit 219
5.1.9 Nutrient Composition 219
5.1.10 Other Fruit Characteristics 222
5.2 Progress in the Selection and Breeding of Actinidia 222
5.2.1 Direct Introduction and Selection from the Wild 222
5.2.2 Selection from Seed Collected in the Wild 223
5.2.3 Selection from Open Pollination of Cultivars or Named Selections 223
5.2.4 Clonal Selections 223
5.2.5 Budsport Selections 223
5.2.6 Cultivars Developed from Systematic Breeding Programs 223
5.2.7 Pollenizer Selections 225
5.2.8 Cultivars of A. arguta, A. kolomikta, and A. rufa 225
5.3 Future Cultivars of Actinidia 225
5.3.1 Further Exploration of Wild Geic Resources 226
5.3.2 Gene Introgression Selection & Breeding from Natural Populations 226
5.3.3 Gene Introgression Breeding: Theoretical and Practical Aspects 227
6 Main Cultivars in Commercial Production 230
6.1 Main Cultivars of A. chinensis var. deliciosa 230
6.1.1 Hayward 230
6.1.2 Qinmei 231
6.1.3 Miliang No. 1 232
6.1.4 Emihoutao No.1 (Jinkui) 233
6.1.5 Xuang 234
6.1.6 Bruno 235
6.1.7 Guichang 236
6.1.8 Cuiang (Ximi No. 9) 236
6.1.9 Yumihoutao No. 2 (Huamei No. 2) 237
6.1.10 Jinang 238
239
6.2 Main Cultivars of A. chinensis var. chinensis
6.2.1 Hort16A (Earligold, fruit marketed as Zespri. Gold Kiwifruit) 239
6.2.2 Jintao (Wuzhi 81-1, C6, WIB-C-6, fruit marketed outside China under the names Jingold. and Kiwita) 240
6.2.3 Hongyang 241
6.2.4 Huayou 242
6.2.5 Jinyan 243
6.2.6 Cuiyu 244
6.2.7 Ganmi No. 1 (Zaoan) 245
6.2.8 Ganmi No. 2 (Kuimi) 246
6.2.9 Ganmi No. 3 (Jinfeng) 247
6.2.10 Chuhong 248
6.2.11 Wuzhi No. 3 248
6.3 Pollenizer Cultivars 249
6.3.1 Tomuri 249
6.3.2 Matua 250
6.3.3 Chieftain 250
6.3.4 Moshan No. 4 250
6.4 Cultivar of A. eriantha 251
6.4.1 Huate (White) 251
7 Cultivation and Management 253
7.1 Kiwifruit Plant Propagation 253
7.1.1 Seedling Propagation 253
7.1.2 Grafting 254
7.1.3 Vegetative Propagation 256
7.1.4 Tissue Culture Micropropagation 257
7.2 Culture and Management 257
7.2.1 Orchard Establishment 258
7.2.2 Orchard Management 260
7.2.3 Training and Pruning 263
7.2.4 Management of Flowers and Fruit 267
7.3 Pests, Diseases and Control 269
7.3.1 The History of Pests and Diseases on Kiwifruit 269
7.3.2 Important Diseases and Their Control 270
7.3.3 Major Pests, Prevention and Control 279
8 Harvest and Storage 284
8.1 Harvest and Postharvest Handling 284
8.1.1 Harvesting 284
8.1.2 Postharvest Handling 285
8.2 Storage 289
8.2.1 Storage Methods 289
8.2.2 Main Factors in Storage and CA Storage Parameters 291
8.2.3 Storage Diseases 293
References 295
Index 313
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