Guns, Germs, and Steel的笔记(5)

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  第12页

  yutong

  人类发展的第一阶段，文明的发展是技术发展的基础，即首先有富足的食物，就可以产生人类的政治结构，军事组织，文化的发展进而出现技术革新。因此不同的地域中，首先的基础是食物是否富足，而这与地理环境有很大的关系。（气候，土壤，水源，动物，等等）如果地理环境足够好，人类就开始大量繁衍，那么就开始出现战争，战争中的锤炼使人们更加狡猾（斗争意识强）。同时，人类开始饲养动物，家畜的出现与传染病的发展是相附相成的。... (更多)

  人类发展的第一阶段，文明的发展是技术发展的基础，即首先有富足的食物，就可以产生人类的政治结构，军事组织，文化的发展进而出现技术革新。因此不同的地域中，首先的基础是食物是否富足，而这与地理环境有很大的关系。（气候，土壤，水源，动物，等等）如果地理环境足够好，人类就开始大量繁衍，那么就开始出现战争，战争中的锤炼使人们更加狡猾（斗争意识强）。同时，人类开始饲养动物，家畜的出现与传染病的发展是相附相成的。

  具体而言，不同的文明也有不同之处，文明的发展必然导致人口增加，人口限制是通过战争和传染病达到的，因此文明发展较早的民族，经过多年传染病的洗礼，早就培养了抗体，抗病性很强，比如汉族人。如果战争和传染病不足以限制人口就会出现饥馑，因此汉族人是全球食谱最广泛的民族，足以证明中华民族经历过饥荒的严峻程度。

  农耕社会与游牧社会的区别在于，农耕社会容易保存粮食，容易形成层级化的政治结构，易于管理。

  而游牧社会生育率低（育龄妇女每四年生一个孩子），农耕社会生育高（平均两年一次）很容易遇到资源瓶颈。 (收起)

  2011-11-18 20:27:41   回应

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  第11页

  卡门梗 (SNS害死人)

  With mildly critical tongue in cheek, the reviewer wrote that I seem to view world history as an onion, of which the modern world constitutes only the surface, and whose layers are to be peeled back in the search for historical understanding. Yes, world history is indeed such an onion! But that peeling back of the onion's layers is fascinating, challenging--and of overwhelming importance to us tod... (更多)

  With mildly critical tongue in cheek, the reviewer wrote that I seem to view world history as an onion, of which the modern world constitutes only the surface, and whose layers are to be peeled back in the search for historical understanding. Yes, world history is indeed such an onion! But that peeling back of the onion's layers is fascinating, challenging--and of overwhelming importance to us today, as we seek to grasp our past's lessons for our future.

  (收起)

  2011-10-10 22:04:57   回应

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  Chp7 How to make an almond

  孤独的质数

  本章脉络 How to domesticate? Plant domestication may be defined as growing a plant and thereby, consciously or unconsciously, causing it to change genetically from its wild ancestor in ways making it more useful to human consumers. Unconscious criteria: size, bitterness, fleshy or seedless fruits, oily seeds, and long fibers. Three types of change invisible to early farmers: the disper... (更多)

  本章脉络

  How to domesticate?

  Plant domestication may be defined as growing a plant and thereby, consciously or unconsciously, causing it to change genetically from its wild ancestor in ways making it more useful to human consumers.

  Unconscious criteria: size, bitterness, fleshy or seedless fruits, oily seeds, and long fibers.

  Three types of change invisible to early farmers: the dispersal of seeds, germination inhibition and plant reproduction.

  Why we still cannot domesticate oak trees right now?

  Strike 1: the slow growth of oak tree exhausts the patience of most farmers.

  Strike 2: the nuts of oak tree are difficult for a human to gather.

  Strike 3: the bitterness of the nuts of oak tree may be controlled by many genes. (收起)

  2011-08-10 09:26:44   回应

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  Chp6 To Farm or not to Farm

  孤独的质数

  本章脉络 Why farm? Why not farm? Why took such a long time to farm? The questions above could be rephrased as why food production did evolve? Why it evolved in some places not others? Why at different times in different places, and why not instead at some earlier or later time? Why this evolution was piecemeal? It evolved as a result of the accumulation of many separate decisions about al... (更多)

  本章脉络

  Why farm? Why not farm? Why took such a long time to farm?

  The questions above could be rephrased as

  why food production did evolve? Why it evolved in some places not others? Why at different times in different places, and why not instead at some earlier or later time?

  Why this evolution was piecemeal? It evolved as a result of the accumulation of many separate decisions about allocating time and effort.

  When the food production had arisen, people in other places usually behaved in the following three ways: adopting the system; choosing only part of the system and totally rejecting the system.

  In fact, food production and hunting-gathering are alternative strategies competing each other.

  However, it appeared that food production is in the predominant position. The reasons may be the following ones:

  Reason 1: the decline of the availability of wild foods.

  Reason 2: on one hand, the first reason made the wild game less rewarding; on the other hand, an increased availability of domesticated wild plants made plant domestication more rewarding.

  Reason 3: the technological development which helped the evolution of food production.

  Reason 4: the relation between the rise in population density and the rise in food production.

  Reason 5: the more food producers enabled them to displace or kill the hunter-gatherers. (收起)

  2011-08-10 09:11:39   回应

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  Chp5

  孤独的质数

  本章脉络 three questions: 1. why did food production develop first in marginal lands instead of most fertile farmlands and pastures? 2. the role of geographic difference in the way of food production arising 3. concerning about the regions where food production sprang up independently, why did the times vary greatly? How to identify areas where food production originated, when it arose th... (更多)

  本章脉络

  three questions:

  1.

  why did food production develop first in marginal lands instead of most fertile farmlands and pastures?

  2.

  the role of geographic difference in the way of food production arising

  3.

  concerning about the regions where food production sprang up independently, why did the times vary greatly?

  How to identify areas where food production originated, when it arose there, and where and when a given crop or animal was first domesticated? The first evidence is identification of plant and animal remains at archaeological sites.

  how to distinguish whether the plant or animal was domesticated in the vicinity of the site itself or domesticated elsewhere and brought to the site?

  Method 1:

  examine a map of the geographic distribution of the crop's or animal's wild ancestor and to reason that domestication must have taken place in the area where the wild ancestor occurs.

  Method 2:

  plot on a map the dates of the domesticated form's first appearance at each locality. The site where it appeared earliest may be its site of initial domestication.

  However, there may exist complications in many cases where the same plant or animal was domesticated independently at several different sites. In these case, we have to analyze the resulting morphological, genetic, or chromosomal difference between specimens of the same crop or domestic animal in different areas.

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  2011-08-10 08:50:24   回应

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