The Selfish Gene的笔记(48)

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  第282页

  zsh

  most animal signals are best seen as neither informative nor deceptive, but rather as /manipulative/. A signal is a means by which one animal makes use of another animal's muscle power. (更多)

  most animal signals are best seen as neither informative nor deceptive, but rather as /manipulative/. A signal is a means by which one animal makes use of another animal's muscle power.

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  2012-04-03 04:05:20   回应

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  第269页

  zsh

  But a major new mutation in basic embryological plan can also open up new floodgates of radiating evolution for millions of years to come. There can be a kind of higher-level selection for embryologies that lend themselves to evolution: a selection in favour of evolvability. This kind of selection may even be cumulative and therefore progressive (更多)

  But a major new mutation in basic embryological plan can also open up new floodgates of radiating evolution for millions of years to come. There can be a kind of higher-level selection for embryologies that lend themselves to evolution: a selection in favour of evolvability. This kind of selection may even be cumulative and therefore progressive

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  2012-04-02 04:39:30   回应

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  第257页

  zsh

  Why did genes gang up in cells? Why did cells gang up in many-celled bodies? And why did bodies adopt what I shall call a 'bottlenecked' life cycle? (last referring to single sperm + single egg) (更多)

  Why did genes gang up in cells? Why did cells gang up in many-celled bodies? And why did bodies adopt what I shall call a 'bottlenecked' life cycle?

  (last referring to single sperm + single egg) (收起)

  2012-03-30 14:25:26   回应

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  第256页

  zsh

  The essential quality that an entity needs, if it is to become an effective gene vehicle, is this. It must have an impartial exit channel into the future, for all the genes inside it. This is true of an individual wolf. ... It is not true of the pack of wolves. Genes have something to gain from selfishly promoting the welfare of their own individual bodies. A bee-hive, when it swarms, appears to r... (更多)

  The essential quality that an entity needs, if it is to become an effective gene vehicle, is this. It must have an impartial exit channel into the future, for all the genes inside it. This is true of an individual wolf. ... It is not true of the pack of wolves. Genes have something to gain from selfishly promoting the welfare of their own individual bodies. A bee-hive, when it swarms, appears to reproduce by broad-fronted budding, like a wolf pack. But ... as far as the genes are concerned, their destiny is largly shared ... lodged in the ovaries of one queen. This is why---it is just another way of expressing the message of earlier chapters---the bee colony looks and behaves like a truly integrated single vehicle.

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  2012-03-30 14:19:18   回应

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  第255页

  zsh

  all the cells except the sex cells in a wolf's body have the same genes, while, as for the sex cells, all the genes have an equal chance of being in each one of them. But the cells in a /pack/ of wolves do not have the same genes, nor do they have the same chance of being in the cells of sub-packs that are budded off. kind of like microcanonical vs canonical ensemble. To carry the analogy furth... (更多)

  all the cells except the sex cells in a wolf's body have the same genes, while, as for the sex cells, all the genes have an equal chance of being in each one of them. But the cells in a /pack/ of wolves do not have the same genes, nor do they have the same chance of being in the cells of sub-packs that are budded off.

  kind of like microcanonical vs canonical ensemble. To carry the analogy further, there must be a temperature in the canonical ensemble at equalibrium ("T"-dependent "gene" distribution in a "pack" of wolves) (收起)

  2012-03-30 14:12:24   回应

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  第243页

  zsh

  From the selfish gene point of view we can think of /both/ fluke genes and snail genes as 'parasites' in the snail body. Both gain from being surrounded by the same protective shell, though they diverge from one another in the precise thickness of shell that they 'prefer'. This divergence arises, fundamentally, from the fact that their method of leaving this snail's body and entering another one i... (更多)

  From the selfish gene point of view we can think of /both/ fluke genes and snail genes as 'parasites' in the snail body. Both gain from being surrounded by the same protective shell, though they diverge from one another in the precise thickness of shell that they 'prefer'. This divergence arises, fundamentally, from the fact that their method of leaving this snail's body and entering another one is different. ... I suggest that the most important question to ask about any parasite is this. Are its genes trasmitted to future generations via the same vehicles as the host's genes? If they are not, I would expect it to damage the host, in one way or another. But if they are, the parasite will do all that it can to help the host, not only to survive but to reproduce. Over evolutionary time it will cease to be a parasite, will cooperate with the host, and may eventually merge into the host's tissues and become unrecognizable as a parasite at all. Maybe ... our cells have come far across this evolutionary spectrum: we are all relics of ancient parasitic mergers.

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  2012-03-28 04:51:17   回应

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  第219页

  zsh

  Coming back to our knife-edge, then, Tit for Tat could surmount it. All that is required is a little local clustering, of a sort that will naturally tend to arise in natural populations. Tit for Tat has a built-in gift, even when rare for crossing the knife-edge over to its own side. It is as though there were a secret passage underneath the knife-edge. But that secret passage contains a one-way v... (更多)

  Coming back to our knife-edge, then, Tit for Tat could surmount it. All that is required is a little local clustering, of a sort that will naturally tend to arise in natural populations. Tit for Tat has a built-in gift, even when rare for crossing the knife-edge over to its own side. It is as though there were a secret passage underneath the knife-edge. But that secret passage contains a one-way valve: there is an assymmetry. Unlike Tit for Tat, Always Defect, though a true ESS, cannot use local clustering to cross the knife-edge. On the contrary. Local clusters of Always Defect individuals, far from prospering by each other's presence, do especially /badly/ in each other's presence.

  kind of localized vs delocalized state. One lowers energy in the potential part, the other through the kinetic part

  (p220) if we wait long enough, perhaps thousands of years, Tit for Tat will eventually muster the numbers required to tip it over the knife-edge, and the population will flip. But the reverse will not happen. Always Defect, as we have seen, cannot benefit from clustering, and so does not enjoy this higher-order stability

  to continue the previous analogy, what about going to the momentum space? (Tit for Tat has higher-order stability in real space, Always Defect in momentum space, whatever that means?) (收起)

  2012-03-27 14:53:09   回应

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  第218页

  zsh

  so in order for a society to jump from one stable point to the other crossing what Dawkins called the "knife edge", one would need something like a revolution. (annealing in the physical sense) (更多)

  so in order for a society to jump from one stable point to the other crossing what Dawkins called the "knife edge", one would need something like a revolution. (annealing in the physical sense) (收起)

  2012-03-27 14:47:44   回应

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  第197页

  zsh

  perhaps we could regard an organized church, with its architecture, rituals, laws, music, art, and written tradition, as a co-adapted stable set of mutually-assisting memes (更多)

  perhaps we could regard an organized church, with its architecture, rituals, laws, music, art, and written tradition, as a co-adapted stable set of mutually-assisting memes

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  2012-03-26 05:23:15   回应

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  第188页

  zsh

  Of particular interest are 'subtle cheats' who appear to be reciprocating, but who consistently pay back slightly less than they receive. It is even possible that man's swollen brain, and his predisposition to reason mathematically, evolved as a mechanism of ever more devious cheating, and ever more penetrating detection of cheating in others. Money is a formal token of delayed reciprocal altruism... (更多)

  Of particular interest are 'subtle cheats' who appear to be reciprocating, but who consistently pay back slightly less than they receive. It is even possible that man's swollen brain, and his predisposition to reason mathematically, evolved as a mechanism of ever more devious cheating, and ever more penetrating detection of cheating in others. Money is a formal token of delayed reciprocal altruism.

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  2012-03-26 02:29:55   回应

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