A Parliamentary system of government is one in which the government governs in and through the assembly, thereby ‘fusing’ the legislative and executive branches. Although they are formally distinct, the assembly and the executive (usually seen as the government) are bound together in a way that violates the doctrine of the
separation of powers, setting Parliamentary systems clearly apart from Presidential
ones. (查看原文)
List emphasized the economic importance of politics and political power, arguing, for instance, that state intervention should be used to protect infant industries from the rigours of foreign competition.
In Germany, this system is founded on a link between industrial and financial capital in the form of a close relationship between business corporations nad regionally-based banks, which are often also major shareholders in the corporations.
Social partnership makes a circumstance in which trade unions enjoy representation through works councils, and participate in annual rounds of wage negotation that are usually industry-wide. This relationship is underpinned by comprehensive and well-funded welfare provisions that provide workers and other vulnerable groups with social guarantees. In th... (查看原文)
However, the virtues of the social-market model are by no means universally accepted. One of its drawbacks is that, because it places such a heavy stress on consultation, negotiation and consensus, it tends to encourage inflexibility and make it difficult for businesses to adapt to changing market conditions (for example, economic globalization and intensified competition from Eastern Europe, Latin America and East Asia). Further strain is imposed by the relatively high levels of social expenditure required to maintain high-quality welfare provision. These push up taxes, and so burden both employers and employees. Where as the supporters of the social market insist that the social and the market are intrinsically linked, its critics argue that social capitalism is nothing more than a contr... (查看原文)
China's mixture of burgeoning capitalism and Stalinist political control has been remarkable effective in delivering sustained economic growth, benefiting from a huge supply of cheap labour and massive investment in the economic infrastructure. Whether "market Stalinism" will continue to remain a viable economic model as the twenty-first century progresses is, nevertheless, debatable.
The major wider weakness of state capitalism is the contradiction between economic liberalism and non-liberalism political arrangements, as authoritarianism may either become a fetter on enterprise and innovation, or it may generate resentment and demands for political freedom that make such systems unsustainable. State capitalism will only constitute a viable alternative to western-based capitalist models if... (查看原文)
