Four general principles of this book

福柯在第一章里统摄全篇地提出本书的4条基本规则，此四条极有研究价值，现抄录。
This study obeys four general rules:
1. Do not concentrate the study of the punitive mechanisms on their 'repressive' effects alone...As a consequence, regard punishment as a complex social function.
第一点，此处的punitive mechanisms即可理解为power运行的场域，这一点想要强调的便是power的两面性，既是压抑性的，也是建设性的，有创造力的。
2. Analyse punitive methods not simply as consequences of legislation or as indicators of social structures, but as techniques possessing their own specificity in the more general field of other ways of exercising power. Regard punishment as a political tactic.
第二点，与第一点有重复之处，意在强调punishment作为一种技术，但也同时是power运行场域下的特殊embodiment。
3. Instead of treating the history of penal law and the history of the human science as two seperate series whose overlapping appears to have had on one or other...(we should) see whether there is not some commom matrix or whether they do not both derive from a single process of 'epistemological-juridical' formation; in short, make the technology of power the very principle both of the humanization of the penal system and of the knowledge of man.
第三点联系到了福柯《词与物》里的重要概念epistemology（知识型），在这里福柯又把epistemological与juridical连在一起构成了一个新词，我理解为知识型在司法体系里的特殊形态。为什么福柯会把曾经被他描述为统摄万物的知识型特意划出一个小区域并命名为 epistemological-juridical formation ？大概这是因为罪犯被最直接的曝露在权力的掌控之下，如此极端的案例如放大镜般帮助我们直视到权力的微观逻辑，这样的微观权力分析又可以反哺对知识型的分析。
再联系到后文第三第四章会提出的power-knowledge（权力-知识结构），那么福柯在这里的意思就很明显了，一方面，scientific discourse会被权力（或文中所说的法律）所形塑，这是权力repressive的一面，另一方面，权力也会参考科学/知识，这是constructive的一面。
福柯在这里说，权力运行的技术可以同时被看作监狱体系和人类知识的人道化过程，但很明显福柯想强调的是后者。福柯曾经在《什么是启蒙运动》里大力地批判了康德的“人道化”观点，那么在这里也必然不会落于人道化的窠臼。那么这里的humanization到底是什么意思我也没有弄明白，先放着吧。
4. Try to discover whether this entry of the soul on to the scene of penal justice, and with it the insertion in legal practice of a whole corpus of 'scientific' knowledge, it is not the effect of a transformation of the way in which the body itself is invested by power relations.
这里我引用中文版的翻译，“试图发现‘灵魂’进入司法舞台以及一套‘科学知识’进入法律实践是不是权力关系权力关系干预肉体的方式发生改变的结果”。这段翻译的极为精彩，不需要更多的解释。