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如果对哈佛伦理学公开课"Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?"感兴趣的话，这本《Contemporary Moral Problems》绝对是一本有意思的书，下面把第一章里基础性的知识先梳理下。

Theory of the Right

▧teleological theory 目的论 ▷focus on consequences 
   ◎ethical egoism 伦理学利己主义 ▶Man ought to  act in his rational self-interest.
   ◎psychological egoism 心理学利己主义 ▶Man does act in his rational self-interest.
   ◎utilitarianism 功利主义 (John Stuart Mill) ▶Principle of Utility: Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, vice versa. 




▧deontological theory 道义论 ▷fucos on motive or God's commands
   ◎divine command theory 神命论 ▶An act is right if and because God commands it. 
   ◎natural law theory 自然法理论 (Thomas Aquinas) ▶Divine plan includes a natural law that tells us what is right and what is wrong. Goodness is what is in accord with with natural inclinations.
   ◎ethical subjectivism 伦理主观主义 (David Hume) ▶Moral judgments are based on subjective feelings of approval or disapproval.  
   ◎ethical relativism 伦理相对论
      ①cultural ethical relativism ▶What is right is whatever a culture says is right.
        ②individual ethical relativism ▶What is right is whatever an individual thinks is right.
   ◎Immanuel Kant's theory 康德的理论 ▶Categorical imperative: #1.man should act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law; #2.act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.