Ch6-Responsibility

-responsibility as an existential concern
萨特 the discovery of responsibility
The world acquired significanceonly through the way it is constituted by the human being-in Sartre'sterms the "for-itself."There is not meaning in the world outside of or independent of the for-itself.
康德哲学的核心：Human consciousness provides the external form of reality. 
The individual is responsible for itself and the world:
The individual is"there"(da),but also he or she constitutes what is there. The ego is two-in-one: it is an empirical ego(an objective ego, something that is"there,"an object in the world) and a transcendental (constituting) ego which constitutes (that is, is"re-sponsible" for) itself and the world. Responsibility viewed in this manner is inextricably linked to freedom.
(可是，人所体验的世界是主观能动的、自己选择的，就意味着没有客观存在的宇宙规律/造物者了吗？)
Nothing in the world has significance except by virtue of one's own creation.There are no rules,no ethical systems,novalues;there is no external referent whatsoever;there is no grand design in the universe.In Sartre's view,the individual alone is the creator. 
面对这种groundlessness，我们感到深刻的焦虑，用各种防御机制来对抗。
Thus one seeks structure, authority, grand designs, magic, something that is bigger than oneself. 
而任何让我们flee from freedom的防御机制，在海德格尔看来，都是live inauthentically. 
-Responsibility avoidance ： 临床表现
近年来心理治疗的新趋势是：an emphasis on the assumption of personal responsibility. 每个时代的心理治疗都是针对时代的病症，对症下药。比如，佛洛依德心理治疗之于late victorian culture; 存在主义心理治疗之于new American/California culture. 
今天的心理病人更多的需要cope with freedom (or the problem of choice)而非suppressed drives —what one wants to do instead of what one has to/must do. 
The atrophy of structure-providing social (and psychological) institutions in our lives has served to confront us with our freedom. If thereare no rules,no grand designs,nothing we must do,then we are free to do as we choose. Our basic nature has not changed; one might say that,with the stripping away of freedom-concealing diversions,with the de-constitution of externally imposed structure,we are today closer thanever to experiencing the existential facts of life. But we are unprepared; it is too much to bear,anxiety clamors for release,and,at both individual and social levels,we engage in a frenetic search to shield ourselvesfrom freedom.
Examples of responsibility-avoiding defenses
-Compulsivity
把人生交给一匹不受控制的野马
One of the more common dynamic defenses against responsibility awareness is the creation of a psychic world in which one does not experience freedom but exists under the sway of some irresistible ("not-me")force. We call this defense"compulsivity.
-displacement of responsibility
害怕对自己的人生负责（我在选择困难时，习惯性问妈妈的意见，事后后悔了又责怪她）
What is at stake is the facing of one's own personal responsibility for one's life and one'sprocess of change. And always lurking beyond that awareness of responsibility is the dread of groundlessness.
-Denial of responsibility: innocent victim 
& losing control(rx)
-avoidance of autonomous behaviour
依赖型人格：自己承担责任同时意味着失去其拥有the ultimate rescuer的信仰
the confluence of two frames of reference: the assumption of responsibility results also in the relinquishment of one's belief in the existence of the ultimate rescuer-an exceedingly difficult task for an individual who has constructed his Weltanschauung around that belief.These two frames of reference acting in concert constitute the basic dynamics of dependency and provide the therapist with a coherent and powerful explanatory system by which to understand thepathologically dependent character.
-Responsibility assumption and Psychotherapy
基本治疗理念：人对于自己身陷的困境有责任—因此要改变自身所处的环境。（佛教也强调自身的修行，但更多是自省，改变自己而非改变环境）
It is not chance,or bad luck or bad genes,that has caused a patient to be lonely, isolated,chronically abused,or insomniac. The therapist must determine what role a particular patient plays in his or her own dilemma,and find ways to communicate this insight to the patient. Until one realizes that one has created one's own dysphoria, there can beno motivation to change). 
-identification and labeling
帮助病人识别自己的责任：To change ‘cannot’ into ‘will not’
The general principle is obvious: whenever the patient laments about his or her life situation,the therapist inquires how the patient has created this situation.
-here and now
治疗师要在跟病人具体的即时互动中，才能真正了解病人是如何“创造”了他自己的困境。
This maneuver, the "self-fulfilling prophecy"is common: the individual first expects a certain event to occur, then behaves in such away as to bring the prophecy to pass, and finally relegates awareness of his or her behavior to the unconscious.
-Limits of responsibility
Environment和personal freedom之间的关系十分复杂，富有争议。
一种观点 reciprocal determinism:
Thus there is a reciprocal relationship between behavior and environment:one's behavior can influence one's environment. The environment that each individual creates,in turn,influences future behavior.Environment and behavior are interdependent; environments are not given but, like behavior, have causes. 
 Libertarians进一步认为：
人面对其处境的态度，是人之为人的关键。
When all else fails,when the coefficient of adversity is formidable, still one is responsible for the attitude one adopts toward the adversity-whether to live a life of bitter regret or to find a way to transcend the handicapand to fashion a meaningful life despite it.
面对人生的境遇，方法论是：
尽力去发挥主观能动性，改变环境；
找到最根本的难以改变的环境，学着去重新理解自己的境遇。
-Responsibility and existential guilt
Guilt分为：real guilt, neurotic guilt, existential guilt. 
何谓existential guilt? 是对自己未能活出真实自我的抱歉。
Guilt is thus intimately related to possibility or potentiality. When the"call of conscience"is heard (that is,the call that brings one back to facing one's"authentic"mode of being), one is always "guilty"-and guilty to the extent that one has failed to fulfill authentic possibility.
Existential guilt is often considered as a positive constructive emotion…a perception of the difference between what a thing is and what it ought to be…
When the person denies his potentialities, fails to fulfill them, his condition is guilt. 
each human being has an innate set of capacities and potentials and,further more,has a primordial knowledge of these potentials.One who fails to live as fully as one can,experiences a deep,powerful feeling which I refer to here as "existential guilt."
But how is one to find one’s potential? 
"Through Guilt! Through Anxiety!Through the call of conscience!" There is general consensus among them that existential guilt is a positive constructive force, a guide calling oneself back to oneself.