chapter 3 句子（ 一）

Two complementary principles of cohesion
1 Put at the beginning of a sentence those ideas that you have already mentioned ,referred to ,or implied, or comcepts that you can reasonably assume you reader is already familiar with,and will readily recognize.
2 Put at the end of your sentence the newest,the most surprising,the most significant information: information that you want to stress----- perhaps the information that you will expand on in your next sentence.   P48

BEGINNING WELL
every time we begin a sentence,we have to juggled three or four lements that typically occur early on.
1To connect a sentence to the preceding one ,we use transitional metadiscourse,such as  And ,But,Therefore, As a result:
2To help readers evaluate what follows ,we use expressions such as Fortunately,Perhaps,Allegedly ,It is important to note,For the most part,Under these circumstances,From a practical point of view,Politically speaking.
3We locate action in time and place:Then,Later,On May 23,In Europe
4And most important(note the evaluation),we announce at the beginning of a sentence its topic----the concept that we intend to say something about.   P49

RULE OF TOPIC
为了使段落明晰连贯，在叙述过程中要确定topic，尽可能每个句子以此为强调重点。

Making Subjects and Topics for flow
1 Passive again
2Subject-complement switching.
eg:the source of the American attitude toward rural diadects is more interesting
     More interesting is the source of the American attitude toword rural dialects.
3Subject-Clause Transformations.If you have a very long subject that does not allow you simply to switch it to the end of the clause,you can occasionally turn it into an introductory clause,allowing you to construct two shorter topic.
eg:见P55                                                      P54-55


Here are two principles that are more important than getting characters into the subjects of your sentences.
1 Put in the subject/topic of your sentences idea that you have already mentioned ,or ideas that are so familiar to your reader that if you state them at the beginning of a sentence, you will not surprise anyone.
2 Among groups of related sentences,keep their topics consistent,if you can.They don't have to be identical ,but they should constitute a string that your readers will take to be focused. P56

Here is a quick way to determine how well you have managed your topic in a passage.Run a line under the first five or six words of every sentence(in fact under the subject of every verb in every clause,if you can do it).Read the phrases you underlined straight through.If any of them seems clearly outside the general set of topics,check whether it refer to ideas mentioned toward the end of the previous sentence.If not,consider revising.    p56