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In a remarkable passage in Levianthan (1651), he used fewer than a hundred words to lay out an analysis of the incentives for violence that is as good as any today:

So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation. The first use violence, to make themselves masters of other men's persons, wives, children, and cattle; the second, to defend them; the third for trifles, as a word, a smile, a different opinion, and any other sign of undervalue, either direct in their persons or by reflection in their kindred, their friends, their nation, their profession, or their name.

diffident在这里是fear的意思，而不是shyness或者不自信之类的意思。“fear”是因为
if you have reason to suspect that your neighbor is inclined to eliminate you from the competition..., then you will be inclined to protect yourself by eliminating him first in a preemptive strike
 而你的这种想法促使对方也想eliminate you，然后加剧了我想eliminate对方的想法，ad infinitum. so called "Hobbesian trap".
The most obvious way (to extricate from a Hobbesian trap) is through a policy of deterrence: Don't strike first; be strong enough to survive a first strike; and retaliate against any aggressor in kind
A credible deterrence policy can remove a competitor's incentive to invade for gain, since the cost imposed on him by retaliation would cancel out the anticipated spoils.
And it removes his incentive to invade from fear because of your commitment not to strike first,
而且更重要的是，这个commitment是可信赖的，因为
deterrence reduces the need for preemption

那怎样保证你的deterrence policy是credible的呢，首先，你必须足够强大，可以在first attack中survive下来，不然你想报复都没有机会。其次你必须保证你会
avenge all trespasses and settle all scores.
 后一点也是为什么会有第三类原因：
Thus we have an explanation of the incentive to invade for trifles: a word, a smile, and any other sign of undervalue. Hobbes called it "glory"; more commonly it is called "honor"; the most accurate descriptor is "credibility".


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以后千万不要当烂好人！