第86页 The world of nation states

However the image of ignorant xenophobia underplays the awareness of high-level politics displayed by participants in the Boxer Uprising. Instead, I would argue that the widespread popular participation in the Boxer Uprising suggests the power of what Hobsbawm and others have referred to as 'proto-nationalism', and also the extent to which it differed from modern nationalism. Popular proto-nationalism of the late nineteenth century was not ignorant xenophobia; it was strongly opposed to foreign interference in China, which was relatively well known and understood. However, it differed from modern nationalism in that it was also radically opposed to the institutions of the modern state, which lay at the heart of modern nationalism.
对义和团运动的定性，比较中肯。