7. Topic-based work

【Why do topic-based work?】
...it is a useful, helpful, practical and exciting way to teach either all of the time or some of the time.
When you are concentrating on a particular topic, the content of the lessons automatically becomes more important than the language itself...it is easier to relate the lessons to the experiences and interest of your pupils.
激发学生英语学习动机。
Working on topics can help the learning process. The children can associate words, functions, structures and situations with a particular topic. Association helps memory, and learning language in context clearly helps both understanding and memory.
联系有助于理解和记忆。
Topic bases teaching allows you to go into a subject in depth and brings out reactions and feeling in the pupils which are not always covered in the textbook. It follows from this that pupils will usually need more and/or different vocabulary than the textbook provides. This is in turn brings the learner and the learner's needs more into focus.
拓展词汇范围和领域
Working on topics allows you more easily to give a personal or local touch to materials which may not have been produced in your country. 
丰富信息内容。
Topic-based teaching allows you to rearrange your material to suit what is happening generally at the time of teaching. It allows you to work across the curriculum in a way which structure-based or strictly textbook-based language teaching doesn't.
主题的灵活性。
The amount of time that you spend on a topic can be as long or as short as you like, depending on how much interest it arouses, how much language work you think you're getting our of it, how much time you have available and how much material you have.
课程准备时间取决于：1. 教师对主题感兴趣的程度。如讲授《赫拉克勒斯和金苹果》那篇分级读物，准备了一晚上加一个上午，主要是对神话这个主题很感兴趣，所以前前后后读了很多关于古希腊神话中诸神的故事，以及看了一些介绍视频。2. 对于每篇读物重点语言的提取。因为每次阅读课会跟随一个阅读日记的作业，所以有必要从文中提出重点的，并要求学生在写作中用到的表达，在13-20之间为益。3. 给自己划定的备课时间。最好在上课的前三天定下主题，提前发给学生自主阅读，而且提前定主题有助于教师在准备课程期间有目的地进行阅读。4. 搜集材料是个慢工夫，需要分摊到平时的工作时间。在选取读物时，主要考虑体裁、字数、与学科关联度这三方面。
Since the emphasis in topic-based work is on content, the work in the classroom naturally includes all the language skills as well as guided and free activities.
多种教学方法和活动都可根据具体情况适配。
【How to set about it】
...have a look at what the pupils are doing in other classes. For example, if they are doing 'growing' in Nature Study, then you could do some of the activities in English - measuring and comparing, for example.
受到这几句话的启发，主题的选择可以参考学生在学校该阶段所学习的其他科目的内容，这样的好处是，亲近学生实际学习生活，可以缩小题材选取的范围。
Collecting material
Once you have some idea of possible topics, you should start looking for materials at once - all sorts of written and spoken texts, pictures, objects, cards, ideas. When you find something, make a note of it at once. If you can write on the back of the material, do so, otherwise write it down on a piece of paper, label it and then put it into the ring binder or cardboard box you keep for that topic.
... make sure that all the materials you used go back into the relevant files and boxes - even the material which didn't work well.
先定主题，再找材料；或在按照材料的字数和题材查找时，选择感兴趣的适当的主题。做上标记，做文本整理，包括文中重点表达、音频等，整理在腾讯文档中。上完课要在钉钉上用打卡形式发布主要内容和作业。做好每一次的整理，方便日后使用。
Functions and situations
Once you have your topic and a collection of connected materials, work out which situations and functions of the language you want to concentrate on. 
在国内教分级阅读，不能脱离语言知识而只分享理解内容。所以在备课时，需要提前准备好每个阅读文本的重点表达，在文中做上标记，同时在整理文档时添加进去。最重要的是，在给学生留阅读日记作业时，应该让学生明确哪些表达要使用在作文中。
🙄问题：如何从文本中选择重点的语言表达？有没有选择的标准。
Methods and activities
Familiarity nurtures security. 
关于分级阅读课游戏活动的选择，尽量选择学生熟悉的游戏活动，节省介绍游戏规则的时间。
Recipes and making food
..young children do enjoy being able to help in the kitchen, even if it's only cutting out the pastry... Ask what they think you do first.
学生多数都喜欢参与到动手的活动中来。