villim对《Thinking, Fast and Slow》的笔记(4)

In the story I will tell, System 1 and 2 are both active whenever we are awake. System 1 runs automatically and System 2 is normally in a comfortable low-effort mode, in which only a fraction of its capacity is engaged. System 1 continuously generates suggestions for System 2: impressions, and feelings. If endorsed by System 2, impressions and intuitions turn into beliefs, and impulses turn into voluntary actions. When all goes smoothly, which is most of the time, System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. You generally beliee your impressions and act on your desires, and that is fine -- usually.
When System 1 runs into difficulty, it calls on System 2 to support more detailed and specific processing that may solve the problem of the moment. System 2 is mobilized when a question arises for which System 1 does not offer an answer, as probably happened to you when you encountered the multiplication problem 17 * 24 .... System 2 is actived when an event is detected that violates the model of the world that System 1 maintains.

2017-09-03 01:08:12 回应

One of the significant discoveries of cognitive psychologists in recent decades is that switching from one task to another is effortful, especially under time pressure.
Modern tests of working memory require the individual to switch repeatedly between two demanding tasks, retaining the result of one operation whileperforming the other. People who do well on these tests tend to do well on tests  of general intelligence.
Any task that requires you to keep serveral ideas in mind at the same time has the same hurried character. Unless you have the good fortune of a capacious working memory, you may be forced to work unconfortably hard. The most effortful forms of slow thinking are those that require you to think fast.

2017-09-03 01:14:38 回应

The most surprising discovery made by Baumeister's group shows, as he puts it, that the idea of mental energy is more than a mere metaphor. The nervous system consumes more glucose than most other parts of the body, and effortful mental activity appears to be especially expensive in the currency of glucose. When you are actively involved in difficult cognitive reasoning or engaged in a task that requires self-control, your blodd glucose level drops. The effect is analogous to a runner who draws down glucose stored in her muscles during a sprint. 
The blod implication of this idea is that the effects of ego depletion could be undone by ingesting glucose, and Baumeister and his colleague have confirmed this hypothesis in serveral experiments.
体力是保持持久和毅力的基础，所以锻炼身体和合理的休息，对高效和持久的专注力非常重要。
当专注力持续较长的事件后，应该休息，并考虑补充点葡萄糖。

2017-11-14 14:30:13 回应

Anything that makes it easier for the associative machine to run smoothly will also bias beliefs. A reliable way to make people believe in falsehoods is frequent repetition, because familiarity is not easily distinguished from truth.
But it was psychologists who discovered that you do not have to repeat the entire statement of a fact or idea to make it appear true. 
The familiarity of one phrase in statement sufficed to make the whole statement feel familiar, and therefore true. 
Suppose you must wirte a message that you want the recipients to believe. It is entirely legitimate for you to enlist cognitive ease to work in your favor, and studies of truth illusions provide specific suggestions that make help you achive this goal.
The general principle is that anything you can do to reduce cognitive strain will help, so you should first maximize legibility.
If your message is to be printed, use high-quality paper to maximize the contrast between characters and their background. If you use color, you are more likely to be believed if you r text is printed in bright blue or red than in middling shades of green, yellow, or pale blue.
If you care about being thought credible and intelligent, do not use complex language where simpler language will do ... In addition to making your message simple, try to make it memorable ... The aphorisms were judged more insightful when they rhymed than when they did not.
Finally, if you quote a source, choose one with a name that is easy to pronounce. Remember that System 2 is lazy and that mental effort is aversive. If possible, the recipients of your message what to stay away from anything that reminds them of effort, including a source with a complicated name.
All this is very good advice, but will not help if yourmessage is obviously nonsensical, or if it contradicts facts that your audience knows to be true.
Mood evidently affects the operation of System 1: when we are unconfortable and unhappy, we lose touch with our intuition.  Good mood, intuition, creativity, gullibility,  and increased reliance on System 1 from a cluster. At the other pole, sadness, vigilance, suspicion; an analytic approach, and increased effort also go together. A happy moond loosens the control of System 2 over performance: when in good mood, people become more intuitive and more creative but also less vigilant and more prone to logical errors.

2017-12-12 13:56:58 回应