Яανeη对《Out of Focus》的笔记(3)
Яανeη (熬夜不仅会秃顶还会长胡子)
读过 Out of Focus
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第3页 Intro
Tabloid小报记者/通俗小报
Ideology of individualism. News reporting may highlight personalities rather than issues.
Chat shows also promote the cult of the personality, discussing issues of the moment w/ urbanity and frivolity. Game shows shower ‘ordinary’ people w/ material goods amid show biz dazzle. Investigative entertainment, or stories highlighted in the popular press and women’s magazines, reveal individual human tragedy and inspire individual acts of charity, but mostly stop short of analyzing the wider context of poverty and oppression. The personal lives of film and soap opera stars are often given greater prominence than the events of the day which actually shape people’s lives. Sports programmes promote individual competition and national chauvinism, devoting a fraction of their attention to sport women and monopolizing vast tracts of media space for largely male audiences.
W/ more specific reference to women, the media provide us w/ models of behaviour aimed at shaping us into socially unpleasant results of ignoring their advice. The messages start when we are very young, shaping our expectations. Children acquire traditional concepts of sex-related roles even when those are in conflict w/ their own experience, the media being among the prime socializing agents. Children living in one-parent families or w/ relatives, or in institutional care, still grow up w/ the concept of two-parent-and-children as the norm.
If gender roles are learnt in childhood, they are practised in adolescence: a time of rehearsal for performing adult roles. The large number of magazines and TV and radio programmes aimed at the teenage market indicates an awareness among media makers of how acute, and how profitable, teenagers’ sensitivity to cultural stereotypes can be.
The ideal of femininity is impossible to achieve for the majority of women, who are not white, young, able-bodied, heterosexual-and affluent. Women who do not achieve or-worse-do not aspire to achieve this ideal are regarded as strange. For these women, when they do appear in the media, they are counterposed negatively to the ideal in terms of their lifestyle and behaviour as well as appearance. These women are ‘other’.
For it is not only how we are portrayed, but also how we are not portrayed which is significant. Which kinds of images or representations of women are absent? Images of women being strong and powerful; demanding their rights; forming close, loving relationships w/ one another; images of women in all our diversity, each as beautiful and important as the next. These are the images most threatening both to individual men and to patriarchy as a whole. In particular, the women’s movement is denied its rightful place as one of the major contemporary social, political and economic phenomena.
we must remember, however, that no matter how powerful the media are, they are not ultimately all-powerful. the ruling class has always attempted to control the flow of information, yet uprisings, revolutions and social movements have continued to happen. knowledge of, and therefore participation in, the women;s movement has increased dramatically-and the movements has also exerted an important influence in many spheres of society.
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第15页 age
'ageism': one group systematically mistreats another group, by imposing its own attitudes and behaviour patterns, invalidating the thinking and experiences of the oppressed group, and not respecting them as full human beings.
in common w/ women and other oppressed groups children have little or no access to, or control of, the media and the image-making process. adults decide which images of children will appear in the media and also what is fitting material for children's consumption.
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第71页 Sexuality
The body politic-the campaign against pornography
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