李维：《自建城以来》（1.1-1.16）读书笔记

1.1

“首先足以肯定的是特洛伊陷落后，其他的特洛伊人都受到残暴的对待；”【王，7】（Now, first of all, there is sufficient agreement that when Troy was captured, vengeance was visited upon the other Trojans. pp.5.）；但埃涅阿斯和安特诺尔并未按战争法处置，因为古老的交往习俗以及他们两人一向主张和平，赞同送还海伦。（In the case of Aeneas and Antenor, however, the Greeks observed the ancient right of hospitality and did not impose the right of conquest on these two men, since they had always advocated peace and the return of Helen. pp.5.）[lam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos : duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti iure hospitii et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerunt, omne ius belli Achivos abstinuisse;【pp.8.】

（1）安特诺尔的遭遇，和因叛乱被赶出帕夫拉戈尼亚正寻找居住地和领袖的埃奈提族人一起来到亚德里亚海湾的最深处，赶走埃乌噶内族人并占领这片土地，把最初登录的地方叫作“特洛伊”。（Antenor is said to have come to the uppermost gulf of the Adriatic sea, together with a group of Eneti who had been driven from Paphlagonia by revolution. They had lost their king, Pylamenes, at Troy and were seeking a home and a leader. Driving out the Euganei who lived between the sea and the Alps, the Trojans and Eneti took possession of this territory. The place they first landed is named Troy, and so the district is called Trojan. The entire people are known as Veneti. pp.5.）

（2）埃涅阿斯的命运。“埃涅阿斯由于类似的灾难而逃离了家乡，但他被更重要的开创事业的命运所驱赶，起初来到马其顿，然后为寻找居住地流落到西西里，再由西西里带领船队向劳伦图姆土地。”【王，7】穆译本翻译为，“埃涅阿斯由于同样的恶运离开家乡，但受到开创伟业的命运驱使，他首先到了马其顿；然后，在寻找居住地时，被赶到西西里，他从西西里带着船队到达劳兰斯地区。”【穆，25】（Aeneas was an exile from his home because of a similar disaster; but the fates guided him to initiate greater achievements. First he came to Macedonia, then he sailed to Sicily as he sought a place to settle, and from Sicily he held course for the territory of Laurentum. pp.5.）[Aeneam ab simili clade domo profugum, sed ad maiora rerum initia ducentibus fatis, primo in Macedoniam venisse, inde in Siciliam quaerentem sedes delatum, ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse.]【pp.8.】这地方也被叫作“特洛伊”，提拉努斯王和阿波利吉奈斯族人迎击特洛伊人（外来者的暴力）。两种传说，一些人称拉提努斯被降服后与阿涅阿斯媾和结成姻亲，另一些人称两军列成战阵后拉提努斯召唤外来者的首领谈判，然后首领间缔结了盟约，特洛伊人得以定居。“当时拉提努斯在家庭庇佑神面前给公共盟约又补充了家庭盟约，把女儿嫁给了埃涅阿斯。”【王，9】“拉提努斯面对家神在公共盟约上补充了私人盟约：将女儿嫁给阿涅阿斯。”【穆，27】（He was told that they were Trojans; their leader was Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus; their fatherland had been burned; they were exiles from their home and were looking for a place to settle and a site on which to found a city. Latinus marveled at the noble renown of the race and the man, and at his spirit, prepared alike for war or peace. So, he offered his right hand as a pledge of their future friendship. A treaty was made between the leaders, the armies saluted each other, and Aeneas became a guest in the house of Latinus. There, before his household gods, Latinus added a domestic treaty to the public one by giving his daughter in marriage to Aeneas. pp.6.）[ibi Latinum apud penates deos domesticum publico adiunxisse foedus filia Aeneae in matrimonium data.]【pp.10.】特洛伊人建造了一座城，埃涅阿斯以其妻名字称之为“拉维尼乌姆”，不久新的婚姻产生了一个男性后代，父母给他取名为“阿斯卡尼乌斯”。（This event strengthened the Trojans in the hope that their wanderings were at last ended and that they were settled in a permanent abode. They established a town that Aeneas called Lavinium after the name of his wife, Lavinia. Soon a child was born of the recent marriage, a boy whom his parents named Ascanius. pp.6.）

1.2.

阿波利吉奈斯族人和特洛伊人同时遭到战争攻击。因为拉维妮娅在埃涅阿斯到来前已经许配给鲁图利族人之王图尔努斯，后者不甘心。（War was soon made on the Aborigines and Trojans alike. Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, had been engaged to Lavinia before Aeneas’ arrival. Angry that a foreigner had been preferred to him, he attacked both Aeneas and Latinus. pp.7.）但没有一方愉快地退出战斗，鲁图利族人被击败，逃去伊达拉里亚人和他们的王美赞提乌斯那里，后者对新城的兴起很不满。（Discouraged by the situation, Turnus and the Rutulians turned for help to the realm of the Etruscans and their king, Mezentius, who ruled over Caere, a wealthy town at that time. From the beginning, Mezentius had been by no means pleased with the birth of the new city, thinking that the Trojan state was growing far too much for the safety of its neighbors. So, he readily joined forces with the Rutulians. pp.7.）阿波利吉奈斯族人和特洛伊人则失去首领提拉努斯。“面对如此巨大的战争威胁，为了使阿波利吉涅斯人的情感倾向于自己，埃涅阿斯不仅让所有的人都处于同一种法律之下，而且都处于同一个名字之下，称两个部族都为拉丁人；从此，阿波利吉涅斯人对埃涅阿斯王无论在热忱或是忠心方面，都不亚于特洛伊人。”【王，9，11】***“埃涅阿斯面临如此大的战争恐怖，为笼络阿波利吉奈斯族人的人心，为使所有人不仅处在同一法律，而且处在同一名字之下，于是把这两个民族都称为‘拉丁族人’；【穆，27】”***（Confronted with such a formidable war and the need to win over the minds of the Aborigines, Aeneas called both peoples Latins so that everyone would not only be under the same law, but also the same name. From that time on, the Aborigines’ dedication and loyalty to King Aeneas was no less than those of the Trojans. pp.7.）***[Aeneas, adversus tanti belli terrorem ut animos Aboriginum sibi conciliaret, nec sub eodem hire solum sed etiam nomine omnes essent, Latinos utramque gentem appellavit.]【pp.12.】拉丁人战胜哥伊达拉里亚，这也是埃涅阿斯生前的最后一项事业，死后被称为“本地的朱庇特”。（Aeneas relied on the spirit of these two peoples, who daily became more united. But Etruria was so powerful that not only the lands, but also the sea along the extent of Italy from the Alps to the straits of Sicily were filled with the glory of her name. Although he had the power to drive an enemy from the city walls, Aeneas nonetheless led his troops into the field to fight. The Latins were successful in battle, but it was the last of Aeneas’ mortal labors. Whatever it is lawful and right that he be called, be it god or man, he is buried by the river Numicus. Men call him Jupiter Indiges. pp.7.）

1.3

埃涅阿斯之子，阿斯卡尼乌斯未到掌握统治权的年龄，但这一统治权为他完好地保留着，期间拉丁国家和王权在母亲的保护下，母亲为这个孩子存在着。（Aeneas’ son Ascanius was not yet old enough to rule. Nonetheless his realm remained intact until he reached manhood, thanks to Lavinia. She was such a strong character that the Latin state and kingdom of Ascanius’ grandfather and father stood firm in the meantime, under a woman’s guardianship. pp.8.）当阿斯卡尼乌斯看到拉维尼乌姆人口过多，便把这一非常繁荣和富庶的城市留给母亲或继母，自己在阿尔巴山脚下建立起另一座新城市，起名为阿尔巴·隆伽。（This Ascanius, wherever he was born and whoever his mother was— it is certainly agreed that his father was Aeneas—left Lavinium to his mother (or stepmother), since it was already a comparatively flourishing and wealthy city with an excess of people. He founded another new town at the foot of the Alban Mount, which was called Alba Longa because it stretched along a ridge. pp.8.）拉丁人的强大，邻人不敢动用武力，和平就此达成。（Between the foundation of Lavinium and the establishing of the colony of Alba Longa, there was a period of thirty years. Their resources had increased so greatly, especially after the defeat of the Etruscans, that neither Mezentius nor the Etruscans nor any other neighbors dared stir up war; not even after Aeneas’ death, nor later during the woman’s guardianship and the young man’s first attempts at ruling. Under a peace treaty, the river Albula, which men now call the Tiber, became the boundary between the Etruscans and Latins. pp.8.）而后是阿斯卡尼乌斯之子西尔维乌斯统治，他生埃涅阿斯·西尔维乌斯，后者生拉提努斯·西尔维乌斯，此人建立了若干殖民地，其后所有在阿尔巴为王的人都沿袭了“西尔维乌斯”的别名，李维勾勒出统治权的谱系：拉提努斯-阿尔巴-阿提斯-卡皮斯-卡培图斯-第伯里努斯-阿格里帕-罗慕路斯-阿芬提努斯-普洛卡-努米托托-阿慕利乌斯。（Silvius, the son of Ascanius, was the next to reign; he happened to have been born in the woods. He was the father of Aeneas Silvius. Next came Latinus Silvius. He planted several colonies that were called the Ancient Latins. All those who ruled at Alba had the name Silvius. From Latinus came Alba; from Alba, Atys; from Atys, Capys; from Capys, Capetus; from Capetus, Tiberinus. This last king was drowned while crossing the river Albula, thus giving to posterity the river’s famous name. Then came Agrippa, the son of Tiberinus. Romulus Silvius ruled after Agrippa, receiving the kingship from his father. He was struck by a thunderbolt and was succeeded by Aventinus, who is buried on that hill which is now part of the city of Rome, thus giving his name to the hill. Proca, the father of Numitor and Amulius, was the next ruler. He bequeathed the ancient kingdom of the Silvian family to Numitor, his eldest son. But violence was more powerful than the father’s wishes or respect for age. Amulius drove his brother out and became king. Adding crime to crime, he killed his brother’s male children and, under the pretext of honoring his brother’s daughter Rhea Silvia, selected her to be a priestess of Vesta. By condemning her to perpetual virginity, he deprived her of the hope of bearing children. pp.8-9.）“然后普洛卡为王。他生育了努弥托尔和阿穆利乌斯，把西尔维乌斯氏族的古老王权传给了努弥托尔，因为努弥托尔是长子。但是暴力强过了父亲的愿望或对年龄的敬重：阿穆利乌斯赶走了兄长，自立为王。他还罪上加罪：杀死了兄长的男性后嗣，以荣誉为名遴选兄长的女儿瑞娅·西尔维娅为维斯塔祭司，以终身守贞剥夺了她生育的愿望。”【王，11，13】

1.4

李维评论道：“但依我看，如此伟大的城市的起源和仅次于神力的伟大统治的开端应归因命运。”【穆，31】（To the fates, as I suppose, was owed the origin of this great city and the beginning of the mightiest empire that is second only to that of the gods. pp.9.）***[Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo Urbis maximique secundum deorum opes imperil principium. pp.16.] 维斯塔祭司遭受强暴生下一对孪生子后，声称马尔斯是他们的父亲，但无论是诸神或凡人，都未能保护她或孩子免遭王的迫害：女祭司被戴上镣铐投入监牢，两个孩子被丢进河水。（The Vestal was raped and produced twins. She claimed that Mars was the father of her doubtful offspring, either because she believed this or because it was more honorable to put the blame on a god. But neither gods nor men protected her or her children from the king’s cruelty. The priestess was put in chains and imprisoned, and the king ordered the baby boys to be thrown into the current of the river. pp.9.）偶然地，出于神意，台伯河水溢上岸，携带婴儿的人在最近的水泽处抛弃了婴儿。（By some heaven-sent chance, the Tiber had overflowed its banks, forming stagnant pools that made it impossible to approach the actual river. The men who brought the children hoped they might be drowned despite the sluggish water. Making a pretense of discharging the king’s orders, they exposed the children on the edge of the floodwater where the Ruminalis fig tree now stands. Formerly, they say, it was called the Romularis. pp.9-10.）据说河水把装有婴儿漂浮着的木盆停留在干燥的河滩上后，一只母狼朝他们走去，把下垂的乳头递给婴儿，王室牧群主管法乌斯图鲁斯发现了她用舌头舔孩子。他把他们带到棚子，交给妻子拉兰提娅抚养，孩子得以长大成人。（The area at that time was a vast deserted region. The story persists that the floating basket in which the children had been exposed was left high and dry by the receding water. Coming down from the surrounding mountains, a thirsty she-wolf heard the infants’ cries and turned in their direction. She gave the infants her teats so gently that the master of the royal flock found her licking them with her tongue. This man’s name was Faustulus, as the story goes. He took the children to his hut to be reared by his wife Larentia. There are some who think that this miraculous story originated because Larentia was called “she-wolf” among the shepherd community, since she had been a prostitute. This, then, was the birth and rearing of the boys. As soon as they were grown to manhood, they began to hunt in the forests, while also working on the farm and with the flocks. In this way they achieved strength of body and mind. They not only confronted wild beasts but attacked robbers who were laden with plunder. What they took they divided among the shepherds, joining them in work and play as their group daily grew larger. pp.10.）

1.5

当庆祝鲁帕尔卡尔的时候，罗慕路斯和勒慕斯被强盗伏击，后者被逮住后，他们把他交给阿穆利乌斯王并指控他，勒慕斯被交给努米托尔惩罚。（The day of the ritual was generally known. So when Romulus and Remus were engrossed in this celebration, they were ambushed by some robbers who were angry at the loss of their plunder. Romulus forcibly defended himself, but Remus was captured and handed over as a prisoner to King Amulius. Accusations were freely made, the main charge being that the youths had attacked Numitor’s fields and plundered them with an organized gang of youths, just like an enemy. And so, Remus was handed over to Numitor for punishment. pp.11.）“这种必要首先到来。”[ Necessitas prior venit pp.22.]在恐惧驱使下，法乌斯图鲁斯向罗慕路斯揭破了他们的身世。努米托尔监禁勒慕斯并听说他们为孪生兄弟后，考虑到年龄以及几无奴隶的气质，经询问几乎要认出勒慕斯。于是诡计从各种联合指向王。罗慕路斯命令牧人们攻击王，勒慕斯则纠集了另一伙人相助，这样杀死了王。（Now right from the start Faustulus had hoped that the children he was rearing were of royal birth. He knew that children had been exposed on the king’s order and that the time matched the very time that he rescued them. He had, however, been unwilling to reveal the matter prematurely until either opportunity or necessity intervened. Necessity came first. Forced by fear, he revealed the facts to Romulus. By chance Numitor was also reminded of his grandsons. For he had heard of the twin brothers while Remus was in his custody. Then he had thought about their age and temperament, which was not at all slavelike. And so, after making further enquiries, he had all but acknowledged Remus. From all sides, a net of guile was being woven against King Amulius. Romulus made his attack on the king, though not with his band of youths—he was not yet strong enough to use open violence. He ordered his men to come by different routes to the king’s palace at an appointed time. Remus collected another group and came to their assistance from Numitor’s house. And so he killed the king. pp.11.）

1.6

骚乱一开始，努米托尔不断呼喊敌人已冲进城市向王宫逼近，同时号召阿尔巴男人们保卫城堡。流血战斗结束，年轻人前来向他祝贺时，他立即召开民会，说明兄弟对他的罪行，外孙的出身和身世，以及暴君之死和他的策划，后重新获得王的名衔和统治。王译本翻译为确认王的名义和权力。【王，15】（At the beginning of the disturbance, Numitor kept insisting that an enemy had invaded the city and attacked the palace. He drew off the Alban fighting men to defend and garrison the citadel. After the killing of Amulius, he saw the young men approaching to congratulate him. He immediately summoned a council and revealed his brother’s crimes against him, his grandsons’ parentage—how they had been born, reared, and recognized—and lastly the killing of the tyrant, for which he was responsible. Romulus and Remus marched with their men through the midst of the assembly and saluted their grandfather as king. From the entire crowd there arose a unanimous shout of assent, thus ratifying the king’s name and his power. pp.12.）王权移交努米托尔后，罗慕路斯和勒慕斯希望在他们被抛弃、受抚养的地方建造城市。当时阿尔巴和拉丁人已经超过容量，如果再加上牧人，比较将要建立的城市，阿尔巴太小，拉维尼乌姆也太小。“后来祖传的邪恶、对王位的贪求扰乱了建城构想，由此出现了残酷的竞争，尽管产生于相当平和的起始。由于他们是孪生，年纪的长幼不可能构成区别，为了让保护该地的神明们通过鸟兆指示谁将给新建的城市命名，谁就将统治新建的城市，罗慕卢斯选择了帕拉提乌姆木山的空域，瑞穆斯则选择了阿温提努姆山的空域观察飞鸟。”【王，15】（After entrusting the government of Alba to Numitor, Romulus and Remus were seized by a desire to establish a city in the places where they had been exposed and raised. The number of Albans and Latins was more than enough; in addition to this group, there were also the shepherds. All of these men easily created the hope that Alba and Lavinium would be small in comparison with the city that they were founding. But these thoughts were interrupted by the ancestral evil that had beset Numitor and Amulius—desire for kingship. From quite a harmless beginning, an abominable conflict arose. Since Romulus and Remus were twins and distinction could not be made by respect for age, they decided to ask the protecting gods of the area to declare by augury who should give his name to the new city and who should rule over it after its foundation. Romulus took the Palatine and Remus the Aventine, as the respective areas from which to take the auspices. pp.12.）

1.7.

鸟兆首先向勒慕斯显示（六只秃鹫），被宣告后又有两倍数量的秃鹫向罗慕路斯显示，兄弟俩分别被他们的人致敬为王（时间和数量标准）（Remus is said to have received the first augury, six vultures. This augury had already been announced when twice the number appeared to Romulus. Each man was hailed as king by his own followers. Remus’ men based their claim to the throne on priority; Romulus’ followers on the number of birds. pp.13.）双方相互纷争并导致杀戮，勒慕斯被杀死，罗慕路斯独揽了统治权，建立的城市以建造者的名字命名。（Arguments broke out, and the angry conflict resulted in bloodshed. Amid the throng, Remus was struck dead. The more common story is that Remus leaped over the new walls, jeering at his brother. He was killed by the enraged Romulus, who added the threat, “So perish whoever else shall leap over my walls.” Thus Romulus became the sole ruler and the city, so founded, was given its founder’s name. pp.13.）他首先设防帕拉丁（自己被抚养的地方），按照阿尔巴礼仪向其他诸神献祭，对赫尔库勒斯则按希腊礼仪。李维讲述了赫尔库勒斯的故事后写道：“这一祭礼就是罗慕路斯从外来圣仪中接受的惟一的一个；当时，他已是靠美德获得永生的荫庇者，他的命运就引导他到这种永生。”【穆，39】***（This was the only foreign rite undertaken by Romulus. Even then Romulus was already honoring the immortality that is won by valor, an honor to which his own destiny was leading him. pp.15.）***[Haec tum sacra Romulus una ex omnibus peregrina suscepit, iam tum inmortalitatis virtute partae, ad quam eum sua fata ducebant, fautor.]【pp.30.】

1.8

按照典仪祭祀神明后，罗慕路斯召集民众开会制定法律，“因为除了法律，没有任何其他东西能使民众聚合为一个人民整体。”【王，15，17】***“民众只有通过法律才能凝聚成一个民族的整体。”【穆，39】***（After duly performing the religious observances, Romulus summoned his men to an assembly and gave them laws, since there was no way other than by law that they could become a unified community. pp.15.）***[Rebus divinis rite perpetratis vocataque ad Concilium multitudine, quae coalescere in populi unius corpus nulla re praeterquam legibus poterat, iura dedit;]【pp.30.】并创制权威的象征：十二个扈从。或说相应于鸟兆时飞鸟的数目，李维更欣赏源自相邻的埃特鲁利亚人的说法，后者是由于他们由十二个部族共同推举国王，每个部族提供一个扈从。【王，17】（He thought the rustic population more likely to be bound by these laws if he made himself venerable by adopting symbols of office. Not only did he make himself more impressive in his way of dressing, but he also assumed a retinue of twelve lictors. Some sources think that this number derived from the number of birds that had augured and portended his rule. But I have no problem with the opinion of those who consider that the attendants and their number derive from the neighboring Etruscans, who also are the source of the magistrates’ curule chair and the toga praetexta. The Etruscans had this number because each of their twelve communities contributed one lictor after they united to elect a king. pp.15-16.）城市逐渐扩大，通过建筑城垣占据了一处处地方，为城市加强防御主要是考虑未来居民众多而非保护保护现有的居民。（Meanwhile the city was growing as the Romans included one area after another within the city’s defenses. They were building more in expectation of a future population than for the number of men they currently had. pp.16.）为使城市不因扩大而空旷，增加人口，把出身不明、地位低下的人召集起来，佯称他们是大地为自己生育的后代，设立庇护地，相邻部族的人（不论是自由人或是奴隶），都怀着对新的事业的渴望逃到那里，构成业已开始的伟大事业的第一批坚实力量，并有力量组织咨议机构，遴选一百人为元老（荣誉）[Then, so that this large city was not empty, Romulus resorted to a plan for adding to the population that had long been used by founders of cities, who gather a host of shady, low-born people and put out the story that children had been born to them from the earth. In this way, Romulus opened a place of asylum in the area that is now enclosed between the two groves as you come down the Capitoline. The entire rabble from the neighboring peoples fled there for refuge. They came without distinction, slaves and freemen alike, eager for a fresh start. This was the first move toward beginning the increase of Rome’s might. Now that he was satisfied with Rome’s strength, Romulus prepared to add deliberation to strength. He appointed a hundred senators, either because that number was sufficient or because there were only a hundred men who could be made senators. They were called “fathers” (patres) because of their rank, and their descendants were called “patricians.” pp.16.]

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罗马国家走向强大，但缺少妇女，强大只能延续一代人的时间。罗慕路斯根据元老们的意见，向相邻的部族派出使节，寻求结盟和通婚。（Already Rome was so strong that she was the equal of any of the neighboring states in war. But the lack of women meant that Rome’s greatness would only last for the current generation, since the Romans neither had the hope of offspring at home nor intermarriage with their neighbors. On the advice of the senators, Romulus sent ambassadors around the neighboring tribes to seek alliance and intermarriage for the new people. pp.16.）罗马使节称：[城市也像其他事物一样，产生于低微，然后那些自身富有德性，又有神明助佑的城市会使自己具有巨大的力量和崇高的荣誉；人们很清楚，罗马的起源有神明相助，而且未来也不会缺乏德性，由此不应该对人们之间的血统和种族相混感到难以接受。]【王，19】***[城，如同其他事情一样，是由很低微的状态兴起的；然后，自身的美德与神相助的这些城会为自己创立伟大的权力和伟大的名字；所以，作为人，应该毫不犹豫地把血统和种族与人融合在一起。]【穆，41，43】***（The envoys argued that cities too, like everything else, start from the most humble beginnings; that great wealth and a great name are achieved by those cities that are helped by their own valor and the gods. It was enough to know that the gods had attended Rome’s birth and that its people’s valor would not fail. The Romans were men like themselves, and so, as neighbors, they should not be reluctant to mingle their blood and stock with them. pp.16.）***[ urbes quoque, ut cetera, ex infimo nasci; dein, quas sua virtus ac di iuvent, magnas opes sibi magnumque nomen facere; satis scire origini Romanae et decs adfuisse et non defuturam virtutem; proinde ne gravarentur homines cum hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscere.]【pp.34.】但他们没有在任何一座城市受到友善的倾听，罗马青年开始趋向暴力，为此为尼普顿·马神筹办赛会（康苏斯节）（Nowhere did the embassy get a kindly reception. The neighboring peoples rejected them, at the same time fearing, for both themselves and their descendants, the great power that was growing in their midst. Dismissing the envoys, many asked whether the Romans had also opened a refuge for women, since that at least would be a way to get wives who were their equals. The young Romans resented this attitude, and things were undoubtedly beginning to look violent. In order to arrange an appropriate time and place for his plan, Romulus hid his resentment and carefully prepared a solemn festival in honor of Neptune as patron of horses, which he called the Consualia. Then he ordered that the spectacle be announced to the neighboring peoples. With all the pageantry within the knowledge and resources of those times, the Romans prepared to celebrate this festival, publicizing it to create expectation. pp.17.）许多人前来参加，但节目表演时间一到，罗马青年四散奔去抢夺少女。（The time for the show arrived, and, while everyone’s eyes and thoughts were intent upon it, the prearranged violence broke out. At a given signal, the Roman youths rushed in every direction to seize the unmarried women. In most cases the maidens were seized by the men in whose path they happened to be. But some exceptionally beautiful girls had been marked out by the leading men of the senate and were carried off by plebeians who had been given that task. One girl who far outshone the rest in appearance and beauty was seized, as the story goes, by the gang of a certain Thalassius. When asked to whom they were taking her, they kept shouting “To Thalassius” to prevent anyone else from violating her. This is the origin of the wedding cry. pp.17.）注意这里抢走的是未婚女子而非已婚女子。少女的父母悲哀地套取，谴责好客协议被践踏，同时呼吁神明。[被劫持的少女人们对自己并不怀有较父母们好一些的期望或较少一些愤怒。但是罗慕卢斯亲自巡视，并且解释说，这是她们的父母的傲慢造成的，因为他们拒绝与邻族通婚，不过他们将会合法成婚，共享所有的财富和公民权，并且将拥有人类最珍贵的东西——孩子。在她们的愤怒缓和之后，她们也把心灵献给了命运把她们的身体献给的人们。]【王，21】***[事情是由于她们的父亲拒绝与邻邦通婚的傲慢造成的；尽管如此，她们将会合法成婚，分享所有财富和公民权，并将拥有——对人类来说至为珍贵的——孩子。她们理应平息愤怒，将心也给予那些命运已将她们的身体所给予的人；所受的凌辱通常会被后来的好感所取代；她们之所以会有更好的丈夫，是因为他们每个人都能尽自己努力，为自己履行完义务后，还会满足她们对父母和祖国的渴望。还有男人的恭维，他们解释说事情是因欲望和爱慕所致；所有祈求对女人的天性尤为奏效。]【穆，45】***（The games broke up in fear and confusion. The maidens’ parents fled, charging the Romans with the crime of violating hospitality. They invoked the god to whose solemn rite they had come only to be deceived in violation of religion and good faith. The abducted maidens were no more hopeful of their plight, nor less enraged. But Romulus himself went around, telling them that this had happened because of their parents’ arrogance in refusing intermarriage with neighbors. Nevertheless, he said, women would have the full rights of marriage, having a share in their possessions, Roman citizenship, and the dearest possession that the human race has—children. They should calm their anger and give their hearts to those to whom chance had given their bodies. For, he said, often affection has eventually come from a sense of injustice. They would find their husbands kinder because each would try not only to fulfill his obligation, but also to make up for the longing for their parents and homeland. The men spoke sweet words to them, trying to excuse their action on the grounds of passionate love, a plea that is particularly effective where a woman’s heart is concerned. pp.18.）

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被劫少女的倾向已完全缓和，他们的父母鼓动各邦，并从各方面集中到萨宾王提图斯·塔提乌斯那里。（The resentment of the abducted women had already been greatly mollified, but their bereft parents, wearing squalid garments, were arousing their states to action with tears and lamentations. 37 Nor did they confine their expressions of anger to their hometowns, but converged from all directions on the house of Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines. Embassies also came there because of the greatness of Tatius’ name in the area. pp.18.）不义之举部分旁及凯尼那人、科鲁斯图米努姆人和安特姆耐人，他们认为塔提乌斯和萨宾人行动缓慢，于是携手备战，后来凯尼那人单独进犯罗马，为罗慕路斯击败，杀死了王并掠夺了他，“无实力的愤怒毫无意义”。【穆，45】The people of Caenina, Crustumerium, and Antemnae who were most affected by this injustice thought that Tatius and the Sabines were slow in taking action. So, these three peoples prepared a joint campaign. Yet not even the peoples of Crustumerium and Antemnae moved quickly enough to satisfy the burning anger of the people of Caenina, who invaded Roman territory on their own. But Romulus encountered them with his army as they were scattered and engaged in plundering. In a quick fight he taught them the futility of anger without strength. He routed their army, put them to flight, and pursued them in their disarray. In the fighting, he killed the king and stripped the armor from the corpse. Once the enemy leader was dead, Romulus took the city at the first attack. pp.18-19. 罗慕路斯凯旋后向朱庇特神庙献祭。[Romulus then led back the victorious army. Magnificent in action, he was no less eager to publicize his achievements. So, he hung the spoils of the slain enemy commander on a frame made to fit the purpose and went up to the Capitol, carrying it himself. He set it down by an oak tree sacred to the shepherds and, at the same time as he made his offering, marked out the boundary of a temple to Jupiter and gave the god an additional title, declaring: “To you, Jupiter Feretrius, I, Romulus, victor and king, bring spoils taken from a king. On this site that I have just marked out in my mind, I dedicate a precinct to be a place for the spoils of honor (spolia opima) that men of the future, following my example, will bring to this place when they have slain kings and enemy commanders.” This was the origin of the first temple that was consecrated in Rome. …… In the ensuing years, it has been the will of the gods that the words of the temple’s founder were not in vain when he declared that posterity would bring spoils to this place; nor has the honor of the gift been cheapened by many sharing it. Twice since then, over so many years and so many wars, have the spoils of honor been won: so rare is the good fortune of winning that distinction. pp.19.]

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安特姆耐人的军队乘虚侵犯罗马，罗马军团迅速集结并击败他们。罗慕路斯为双重胜利欢悦时，妻子赫尔希利亚疲于被劫少女的请求，[恳求他原谅她们的父母并接纳他们作为公民：这样，国家会因和睦而团结。]这一请求易于满足。【穆，47】（As Romulus was exulting in his double victory, his wife Hersilia, wearied by the entreaties of the abducted women, begged him to grant amnesty to their parents and grant them citizenship, saying that by this means the state would grow in strength and harmony. Her request was easily granted. pp.20.）攻打科鲁斯图米努姆人，后者被送到两地。（Romulus then set out against the people of Crustumerium who were marching on Rome. In this case, there was even less of a struggle, because their spirit had collapsed as a result of the defeat of the others. Colonists were sent to both places, although more people were found to enroll their names for Crustumerium because of the fertility of its soil. On the other hand, a number left and migrated to Rome, particularly parents and relatives of the abducted women. pp.20.）最后的战争由萨宾人发起，这是最为严峻的一场。当时塔尔培乌斯坐镇罗马，未出嫁的女儿被塔提乌斯用黄金贿赂，以便把武装者迎入城堡；此后他们杀死她，或许是为了表示城堡似乎是靠武力攻击占领的，或是以此为例表明叛国者在任何地方也得不到信用。（The last war was with the Sabines, and it was by far the greatest. These people were not acting through anger or greed. Nor did they show any hint of war before the actual attack. Deception was also added to their strategy. Spurius Tarpeius was in command of the Roman citadel. With gold Tatius bribed this man’s maiden daughter to let armed men into the citadel. By chance the girl had gone outside the walls to get water for a sacrifice. Once inside, they overpowered her with their weapons and killed her, either to make it appear that the citadel had been taken by force or to set an example that no one should anywhere keep faith with a traitor. pp.20.）另一传说。（There is also a tale that, because the Sabines generally wore heavy gold bands on their left arms and magnificently studded rings, she made a deal for what they had on their left hands. But instead of gifts of gold, they piled their shields on her. There are those who say that, in keeping with the agreement to hand over what they had in their left hands, she asked outright for their weapons, and, when it was apparent that she was tricking them, she perished by the reward she had demanded. pp.20.）

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萨宾人占领城堡，罗马人想要夺回城堡。在豪斯提乌斯阵亡后，罗马阵线一度退却，罗慕路斯此时向天祈祷：朱庇特，[我听从你通过鸟兆发出的旨意，在这里的帕拉提乌木山为城市奠基，萨比尼人已经拥有靠罪恶占领的城堡，他们又全副武装着，越过山间谷地，向这里冲来；但愿你，神明与凡人之父，至少哪怕把敌人阻挡在这里，消除罗马人的恐惧，使他们停止可耻的逃跑。我允诺，将在这里为你尤皮特·斯塔托尔建造庙宇，作为留给后代人的纪念，是由于你的及时助佑，城市才得以拯救。他这样祈求，好像觉得祈求已经被听取，于是大喊道：“罗马人啊，至善至尊的尤皮特命令你们在这里停住，重新开始战斗。”罗马人停了下来，有如听从来自上天的声音的命令。]【王，21，23】（Raising his weapons to the sky, he said, “Jupiter, it was at the bidding of your augural birds that I laid the city’s first foundations here on the Palatine. The citadel has been bought by a crime and is in the hands of the Sabines. They have conquered the valley between the two hills and are now upon us, sword in hand. But, father of gods and men, keep them back, at least from here. Rid the Romans of their terror and stay their shameful flight! I hereby vow a temple to you as Jupiter the Stayer, to be a memorial for posterity that the city was saved by your presence and help.” With this prayer, as if he realized that his words had been heard, he cried, “It is here, Romans, that Jupiter the Best and Greatest bids us stand and renew the fight!” As if bidden by a voice from the sky, the Romans made a stand, and Romulus himself rushed into the front line of battle. pp.21.）罗慕路斯率军队击溃了萨宾人，开始占据上风。

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萨宾妇女隔开双方的阵线和怒火，[……一边是父亲，一边是丈夫，请求他们不要让岳父和女婿亵渎的血互相喷溅，不要让悖逆伦理的凶杀玷污她们所生的孩子——对于一方来说是外孙，对于另一方面来说是儿子。“若是亲戚关系令你们不快，若是婚姻关系令你们不悦，那就请你们向我们发泄愤怒，我们是战争的根源，我们是丈夫和父亲受伤和杀戮的根源，我们宁可死去，也不愿失去你们中的任何一方而作为寡妇或孤儿生活。”这一场面既感动了普通士兵，也感动了首领们，一片意料不到的缄默和寂静；然后首领们走了出来，缔结盟约。他们不仅达成了和平，而且还由两个城邦组成为一个国家。他们共同享有王权，所有统治权力都移到罗马。城市就这样成为由双方组合的，不过为了使萨尼比人也有所得，人们按（域名）库瑞斯，称为奎利特斯。]【王，23】***（Appealing on the one side to their fathers, on the other to their husbands, they begged fathers-in-law and sons-in-law not to defile themselves with impious bloodshed, nor stain with parricide the offspring of their blood—grandfathers their grandchildren, fathers their children. “If you cannot bear the relationship between you,” they cried, “If you cannot bear the marriage bond, turn your anger upon us. We are the cause of war; we are the cause of wounds and death to our husbands and our fathers. Better that we die than live as widows or orphans, without either of you.” Their appeal moved both leaders and the rank and file. There was silence and a sudden hush. Then the leaders came forward to make a treaty. They made not only peace, but also one state from two. They shared the kingship, transferring all power to Rome. In this way the city was doubled, and, so that the Sabines should be given something, the citizens were called Quirites, a name deriving from Cures. As a memorial (monumentum) of the battle, they gave the name of Curtian Lake to the place where Curtius’ horse first emerged from the deep swamp and set him in the shallows. pp.22.）***[ dirimere iras, hinc patres hinc viros orantes ne se sanguine nefando soceri generique respergerent, ne parricidio macularent partus suos, nepotum illi, hi liberum progeniem. " Si adfinitatis inter vos, si conubii piget, in nos vertite iras ; nos causa belli, nos volnerum ac caedium viris ac parentibus sumus; melius peribimus quam sine alteris vestrum viduae aut orbae vivemus." Movet res cum multitudinem turn duces; silentium et repentina fit quies; inde ad foedus faciendum duces prodeunt; nec pacem modo, sed civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt. Regnum consociant: imperium omiie conferunt Romam. Ita geminata urbe, ut Sabinis tamen aliquid daretur, Quirites a Curibus appellati. Monumentum eius pugnae, ubi primum ex profunda emersus palude equus Curtium in vado statuit, Curtium lacum appellarunt.]【pp.48.】萨宾妇女更受丈夫和父母的喜爱，尤其受罗慕路斯本人的喜爱，以她们的名字命名库利亚。同时招募三个骑兵队。从此，两王不仅共同地而且和睦地掌有王权。（The sudden joyful peace after such a grievous war made the Sabine women dearer to their husbands and parents, and above all to Romulus himself. And so, when he divided the people into thirty wards, he named the wards after the women. Although the number of women was undoubtedly considerably more than thirty, the tradition does not say whether those who gave their names to the wards were chosen by lot, age, or according to their own rank or that of their husbands. At the same time, three centuries of knights were formed. The Ramnenses were named for Romulus, the Titienses for Tatius; the reason for the name and origin of the Luceres, however, is unknown. From this time the two kings ruled not only jointly, but also harmoniously. pp.22-23.）

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塔提乌斯王在拉维尼乌姆被杀害，但罗慕路斯避免了战争；罗马城与拉维尼乌姆城的盟约被重新订立。（Several years later, relatives of King Tatius assaulted envoys of the Lauren- tians who protested under the law of nations. Tatius, however, was more influenced by partiality for his relatives and their pleas. As a result of this, he got what should have been their punishment. A mob gathered and killed him when he had gone to Lavinium for the annual sacrifice. The story is that Romulus took this less badly than was proper, whether because of the disloyalty that is inherent in shared rule or because he thought that Tatius’ murder was not unjustified. Consequently Romulus refrained from war but renewed the pact between Rome and Lavinium in order to expiate the insults to the envoys and the murder of the king. pp.23.）另一场战争，费德奈人首先发动战争，避免邻近势力的壮大，但被罗马人击败。（Against all expectation, there was peace with the Laurentians. But another war broke out much nearer, indeed almost at the very gates of the city. The men of Fidenae, perceiving the increasing strength of such a close neighbor, decided to make war before Rome achieved the might that she clearly would. They sent out an armed band of young men who plundered the territory lying between Rome and Fidenae. Then, because the Tiber prevented them on the right, they turned left, causing devastation and great fear among the farmers. The sudden stampede from the fields into the city served as the announcement of war. Romulus immediately reacted—war with a neighbor made delay impossible. He led out the army and pitched camp a mile from Fidenae. Then, leaving a small guard, he marched on with all his forces, ordering some of the soldiers to lie in ambush in concealed positions amid the dense undergrowth. He himself set out with the greater number of the troops and all the cavalry. …… By making a disorderly and menacing assault in which the cavalry rode almost to the very gates, he achieved his aim of drawing out the enemy. The same cavalry engagement provided a less surprising reason for their retreat, which had to be feigned. The cavalry were apparently undecided whether to fight or flee, and the infantry also began to retreat. At this point the enemy suddenly thronged the gates, pouring forth as the Roman battle line gave way. And so, in their eagerness to press on and pursue, the Fidenates were drawn into the place of ambush. There the Romans suddenly sprang out and attacked the enemy’s flanks. To add to the panic, the standards of those who had been left on guard were advancing from the camp. Almost before Romulus and his men could rein in their horses and wheel around, the men of Fidenae turned tail and ran, stricken with terror from every direction. They made for the city in much greater disarray than that of the pretended fugitives whom they had previously pursued, though this time the flight was real. But they did not escape the enemy. The Romans followed close behind them, and, before the gates could be closed, both pursuers and pursued burst into the city, as if in a single line. pp.23-24.）

1.15

维伊人被激怒，亲缘关系，以及地域相邻。他们以劫掠的方式侵略罗马领土，但被罗马人击败，受失去部分土地的惩罚后得到百年休战。（The people of Veii were aroused by the war fever that spread from Fidenae, and by their kinship with the people of Fidenae, for they too were Etruscans. A further stimulus was the very proximity of Rome, should Roman arms be directed against all their neighbors. pp.24.）这些大概是罗慕路斯在位时在和平与战争方面所做的事，其中无意与对其神圣出身及死后为他所确认的神化的信服不相适。（These were the main achievements of Romulus’ reign, at home and in the field. None of them is incompatible with the belief in his divine origin and the divinity that is attributed to him after his death—neither his spirit in recovering his grandfather’s kingdom, nor his wisdom in founding the city and strengthening it by both war and peace. pp.25.）

1.16

罗慕路斯之死，神秘消失并被神化。“随后，起先由少数人发起，接着所有的人都一起欢呼罗慕路斯是神之子，罗马城的王和父亲；人们一起祈求和平，祈求罗慕路斯永远宽厚仁慈地拯救自己。”【王，25】（After accomplishing these mortal deeds, Romulus was one day holding an assembly of the people on the Campus Martius near the Goat Swamp to review the army. Suddenly a storm arose with loud claps of thunder, enveloping him in a cloud so dense that it hid him from the view of the people. From then on Romulus was no longer on earth. The Roman people finally recovered from their panic when the turbulence was succeeded by a bright and sunny day. Seeing the king’s throne empty, they readily believed the assertion of the senators who had been standing nearby that he had been snatched up on high by the storm. Nevertheless, they remained sorrowful and silent for some time, stricken with fear as if they had been orphaned. Then, on the initiative of a few, they all decided that Romulus should be hailed as a god, son of a god, king, and father of the city of Rome. With prayers they begged his favor, beseeching him to be willing and propitious toward the Roman people and to protect their descendants forever. pp.25-26.）有谣言称王被元老们撕成碎片。对他的赞美和眼前的恐惧使另一谣言广为人知，尤里乌斯的见证：[“你去吧，去告诉罗马人，天神们希望让我的罗马成为世界之都，因此让他们操练军事吧，让他们自己知道，并且这样教育后代，没有任何人间力量能够抗拒罗马的武力。”他这样说完，便返回了天空。]【王，27】（The citizens, however, were troubled by their longing for the king and were hostile toward the senate. So, Proculus Julius, a man of authority, as the tradition goes—he was, after all, vouching for an extraordinary event—summoned a public assembly. “My fellow citizens,” he declared, “Today at dawn, Romulus, the father of this city, suddenly descended from the sky and appeared before me. Overcome with fear and awe, I stood there, beseeching him with prayers that it might be permissible for me to gaze on him. But he said, ‘Depart, and proclaim to the Romans that it is the gods’ will that my Rome be the capital of the world. So let them cultivate the art of war; let them know and teach their descendants that no human strength has the power to resist the arms of Rome.’ With this pronouncement,” concluded Proculus, “Romulus departed on high.” pp.26.）