如何阅读一本书 附录一 建议阅读书目整理
这篇书评可能有关键情节透露
一、 为什么要整理这个书目? 该附录只能算一个非常简单的书目概要介绍,要想进一步了解请通过参考"维基百科或百度百科"了解作者及作品,以判断是否有兴趣进一步深入下去,如做分析阅读,主题阅读等。 类似的书目《青年必读书手册》 因为是中国人写的书,偏重于中国作品,正好能补充《如何阅读一本书》书目中国作者及作品 二、整理书目列表 ===========《如何阅读读一本书》 附录一 建议阅读书目========= 1. Homer (9th century B.C.?) · Iliad · Odyssey 荷马-----------伊利亚特、奥德赛 《伊利亚特》(古希腊描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗,相传为荷马所作) 《奥德赛》(希腊的六步格史诗,传说为荷马所作,描述了奥德修斯在特洛伊遭洗劫之后十年的游历;他最终回到故乡伊萨卡岛,并杀死了乘他不在时折磨他妻子珀涅罗珀的求婚者) 2. The Old Testament 未知-----------旧约 3. Aeschylus (c. 525-456 B.C. ) · Tragedies 埃斯库罗斯(希腊的悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯)-----------悲剧 4. Sophocles (c. 495-406 B.C. ) .Tragedies 索福克勒斯-----------悲剧 索福克勒斯(约公元前496–前406,希腊戏剧家,他存世的七部作品都以情节曲折、人物性格刻画深刻,以及书中审视凡人和神命的关系问题著称;代表戏剧:《安提戈涅和俄狄浦斯王》,亦称《暴君俄狄浦斯王》) 5. Herodotus (c. 484-425 B.C. ) · History (of the Persian Wars) 希罗多德-----------历史 希罗多德(公元前5世纪,希腊历史学家,第一位系统搜集资料的历史学家,资料的准确性得到一定程度的检测,结构合理,叙述生动) 6. Euripides (c. 485-406 B.C. ) .Tragedies (esp. Medea, Hippolytus, The Bacchae) 欧里庇得斯-----------悲剧 特别:美狄亚、希波吕托斯、酒神的伴侣 欧里庇得斯(公元前480-约公元前 406,希腊剧作家,其现存的19部戏剧表明他在处理传统神话中的重要创新,如引入现实主义、对女性心理的兴趣以及对变态心理的描写;代表作有:《美狄亚》、《希波吕托斯》、《厄勒克特拉》、《特洛伊妇女》和《酒神的伴侣》) 7. Thucydides (c. 460-400 B.C. ) · History of the Peloponnesian War 修昔底德-----------伯罗奔尼撒战争史 修昔底德(约前455—约前400,希腊历史学家,其传世之作《伯罗奔尼撒战争》分析了战争的起源和过程,在战争中他为雅典而战) 8. Hippocrates (c. 460-377? B.C. ) .Medical writings 希波克拉底-----------医学著作 希波克拉底(约公元前460—前377,希腊医生,传统上被视为医学之父;由于他与一批古希腊医学著作(也许无一本是他的手笔)的联系,医疗职业所用的希波克拉底誓言署以他的名字) 9. Aristophanes (c. 448-380 B.C. ) · Comedies (esp. The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs) 阿里斯托芬-----------喜剧 特别:云、鸟、青蛙 (c. 450– c. 385 bc), Greek comic dramatist. His surviving plays are characterized by exuberant language and the satirization of leading contemporary figures. Notable works: Lysistrata, the Birds, the Frogs 阿里斯托芬(约公元前450—约前385,希腊喜剧作家,现存作品以词藻华丽并讽刺同期名人为特征;代表作品:《利西翠妲》、《鸟》、《蛙》) 10. Plato (c. 427-347 B.C.) · Dialogues (esp. The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Sophist, Theaetetus ) 柏拉图-----------对话录 特别:理想国、会饮、斐多、枚农、申辩篇、斐德罗、普罗太戈拉、高尔吉亚、智者、泰阿泰德 (c.429–c.347 BC), Greek philosopher. A disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, he founded the Academy in Athens. His theory of “ideas” or “forms” contrasts abstract entities or universals with their objects or particulars in the material world. His philosophical writings are presented in the form of dialogues, and his political theories appear in the Republic. 哲学家柏拉图(plato)在雅典创办著名的柏拉图学园,培养了一大批数学家,成为早期毕氏学派和后来长期活跃的亚历山大学派之间联系的纽带。欧多克斯(Eudoxus)是该学园最著名的人物之一,他创立了同时适用于可通约量及不可通约量的比例理论。柏拉图的学生亚里士多德(Aristotle)是形式主义的奠基者 11. Aristotle (384-322 B.C. ) .Works (esp. Organon, Physics, Metaphysics, On the Soul, The Nichomachean Ethics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics) 亚里士多德-----------全部作品 特别:工具论、物理学、形而上学、论灵魂、尼各马科伦理学、政治学、修辞术、诗学 A pupil of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens. He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought and his work was central to Arabic and medieval philosophy. His surviving works cover a vast range of subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics, natural science, and physics 12. Epicurus (c. 341-270 B.C. ) ·Letter to Herodotus ·Letter to Menoeceus 伊壁鸠鲁-----------致希罗多德信、致梅瑙凯信 (341–270 bc), Greek philosopher, founder of Epicureanism. His physics is based on Democritus' theory of a materialist universe composed of indestructible atoms moving in a void, unregulated by divine providence 伊壁鸠鲁(公元前341–前270,希腊哲学家,伊壁鸠鲁学说的创始人,其自然哲学基础是德谟克利特唯物主义宇宙理论:宇宙是由在空间运转着的、不可毁灭的原子组成,而不受神意支配) 13. Euclid (fl.c. 300 B.C. ) · Elements (of Geometry) 欧几里得-----------几何原本 (c.300 bc), Greek mathematician. His great work Elements of Geometry, which covered plane geometry, the theory of numbers, irrationals, and solid geometry, was the standard work until other kinds of geometry were discovered in the 19th century 欧几里得(约公元前300年,希腊数学家,他的伟大著作《几何原本》涵盖了平面几何、数论、无理数和立体几何,在19世纪发现其他几何之前,这本著作一直是公认的经典之作) 14. Archimedes (c. 287-212 B.C. ) .Works ( esp. On the Equilibrium of Planes, On Floating Bodies, The Sand-Reckoner) 阿基米德-----------所有著作 特别:论平板的平衡、论浮体、沙粒计算 (c. 287–212 bc), Greek mathematician and inventor, of Syracuse. He is famous for his discovery of Archimedes’ principle (legend has it that he made this discovery while taking a bath, and ran through the streets shouting ‘Eureka!’); among his mathematical discoveries are the ratio of the radius of a circle to its circumference, and formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere and of a cylinder 阿基米德(约公元前287—前212,古希腊锡拉丘斯数学家、发明家,以发现阿基米德原理而著称[相传他洗澡时发现这一原理之后在大街上边跑边喊‘Eureka!’],在数学方面的发现有圆周率以及球体、圆柱体的表面积及体积的计算公式) 15. Apollonius of Perga (fl.c. 240 B.C.) .On Conic Sections 阿波罗尼奥斯-----------圆锥曲线论 阿波罗尼奥斯(apollonius of perga) 约公元前262年生于佩尔格;约公元前190年卒.数学. 16. Cicero (106-43 B.C. ) Works ( esp. Orations, On Friendship, On Old Age) 西塞罗-----------演说集、友谊篇、论老年 Marcus Tullius (106–43 bc), Roman statesman, orator, and writer. As an orator and writer Cicero established a model for Latin prose; his surviving works include speeches, treatises on rhetoric, philosophical works, and letters. A supporter of Pompey against Julius Caesar, in the Philippics (43 bc) he attacked Mark Antony, who had him put to death 西塞罗,马库斯-图利乌斯(公元前106—前43,罗马政治家,雄辩家,作家;作为雄辩家和作家,西塞罗为拉丁语散文确立了典范,存世作品包括演说、辩术论文,哲学著作和信件;他支持庞培反对尤利乌斯-恺撒,在《反腓力辞》[公元前43年]中抨击马克-安东尼,为后者处死) 17. Lucretius (c. 95-55 B.C.) .On the Nature of Things 卢克莱修-----------物性论 (c.94–c.55 bc), Roman poet and philosopher; full name Titus Lucretius Carus. His didactic hexametric poem On the Nature of Things is an exposition of the materialist atomist physics of Epicurus, which aims to give peace of mind by showing that fear of the gods and of death is without foundation 卢克莱修(约公元前94—约前55,罗马哲学家,诗人,全名提图斯-卢克莱修-卡勒斯;他的说教性的六韵步诗《物性论》阐释了古希腊伊壁鸠鲁的唯物原子物理学,目的是要说明对神和死亡的恐惧是没有根据的,进而使人们的心境平和) 18. Virgil (70-19 B.C. ) · Works 维吉尔-----------著作 英文版特别:牧歌、农事诗、田园诗 、埃涅阿斯纪 (70–19 bc), Roman poet; Latin name Publius Vergilius Maro. He wrote three major works: the Eclogues, ten pastoral poems, blending traditional themes of Greek bucolic poetry with contemporary political and literary themes; the Georgics, a didactic poem on farming; and the Aeneid (see Aeneid).. (see Aeneid) 维吉尔(公元前70—前19年,罗马诗人,拉丁语名普布留斯-维吉留斯-马罗,主要作品有三部:《牧歌》包含10首田园诗,把希腊牧歌传统的主题和当代政治和文学主题结合起来;《农事诗》是农事教诲诗;《埃涅阿斯记》。 19. Horace (65-8 B.C. ) ·Works ( esp. Odes and Epodes, The Art of Poetry ) 贺拉斯 -----------长短句、颂歌集、诗艺 (65–8 bc), Roman poet of the Augustan period; full name Quintus Horatius Flaccus. A notable satirist and literary critic, he is best known for his Odes, much imitated by later ages, especially by the poets of 17th-century England. His other works include Satires and Ars Poetica 贺拉斯(公元前65–前8年,奥古斯都时代的罗马诗人;全名昆图斯-贺拉斯-弗拉库斯,著名的讽刺作家和文学评论家,最出名的是《诗歌集》,被后世诗人,尤其是17世纪的英格兰诗人广为模仿;其他作品包括《讽刺诗集》和《诗艺》) 20. Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17) History of Rome 李维-----------罗马史 (59 bc–ad 17), Roman historian; Latin name Titus Livius. His history of Rome from its foundation to his own time contained 142 books, of which thirty-five survive (including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal) 李维(公元前59–公元17,罗马历史学家,拉丁名Titus Livius,他所著的《罗马史》有142本,包括从罗马建立到他所处时期历史,现存35本[包括最早的汉尼拔战争史]) 21. Ovid (43 B.C.-A.D. 17) Works (esp. Aletan1or,phoses) 奥维德-----------著作 特别:变形记 (43 bc–c.17 ad), Roman poet; full name Publius Ovidius Naso. He is particularly known for his elegiac love poems (such as the Amores and the Ars Amatoria) and for the Metamorphoses, a hexametric epic which retells Greek and Roman myths 奥维德(前43—约后17,罗马诗人,全名普伯里亚斯-奥维德亚斯-纳索;尤以他的哀歌体爱情诗如《爱情》和《爱的艺术》,以及重述希腊罗马神话的六韵体史诗《变形记》而闻名) 22. Plutarch (c. 45-120) · Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans Aloralia 普鲁塔克-----------希腊罗马名人比较列传 (c.46–c.120), Greek biographer and philosopher; Latin name Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus. He is chiefly known for Parallel Lives, a collection of biographies of prominent Greeks and Romans 普卢塔克(约公元46—约120,希腊传记作家、哲学家,拉丁名卢修斯-梅斯特里斯-普卢塔克,主要因其《希腊罗马名人比较列传》一书而闻名) 23. Tacitus (c. 55-117) · Histories · Annals Agricola Gemumia 塔西佗-----------历史、编年史、阿古利可拉传、日耳曼尼亚志 (c.56–c.120 ad), Roman historian; full name Publius, or Gaius, Cornelius Tacitus. His Annals (covering the years 14–68) and Histories (69–96) are major works on the history of the Roman Empire 塔西陀(约公元56–120,罗马历史学家,全名帕布利乌斯或加伊乌斯-科尼利厄斯-塔西陀;他著的《编年史》和《历史》是关于罗马帝国史的主要著作,分别记述了公元14–68年和69–96年间的史实) 24. Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl.c. 100 A.D.) · Introduction to Arithn1etic 尼可马修斯-----------算术入门 25. Epictetus (c. 60-120) · Discourses Encheiridion (Handbook) 爱比克泰德-----------金言录、手册 (c.55–c.135 ad), Greek philosopher, who preached the common brotherhood of man and advocated a Stoic philosophy 爱比克泰德(约公元55–约135,希腊哲学家,宣扬人类友爱和斯多葛哲学) 26. Ptolemy (c. 100-178; fl. 127-151) · Almagest 托密勒-----------天文学大成 (2nd century) Greek astronomer and geographer. His teachings had enormous influence on medieval thought, the geocentric view of the cosmos being adopted as Christian doctrine until the late Renaissance. Ptolemy's Geography, giving lists of places with their longitudes and latitudes, was also a standard work for centuries, despite its inaccuracies 托勒密(公元2世纪,希腊天文学家、地理学家,其学说对中世纪思想有着巨大的影响,地球中心说为基督教用作教义,直至文艺复兴晚期;托勒密的《地理学》尽管不尽准确,但这部用经度、纬度标注位置的书亦曾在多个世纪被当作范本) 27. Lucian (c. l2O-c. 190) Works (esp. The Way to Write History, The True History, The Sale of Creeds) 琉善(路吉阿诺斯)-----------著作 特别:论撰史、真实的历史、待售的哲学 28. Marcus Aurelius (121-180) · Aleditations 马库思·奥勒留-----------沉思录 29. Galen (c. 130-200) .On the Natural Faculties 盖伦-----------论自然力 盖伦(Claudius, 约 130-约 200, 希腊医师、医药书著述家) 30. The New Testament 未知-----------新约 31. Plotinus (205-270) .The Enneads 柏罗丁-----------六部九章集 (c.205–70), philosopher, probably of Roman descent. He was the founder and leading exponent of Neoplatonism; his writings were published after his death by his pupil Porphyry 柏罗丁(约公元205—270,哲学家,可能是罗马人后裔,是新柏拉图主义的创立者和主要代表,其作品由其弟子珀菲里在他去世后发表) 32. St. Augustine (354-430) Works (esp. On the Teacher, .Confessions, .The City of God, .Christian Doctrine) 圣·奥古斯丁-----------著作 特别:论教师、忏悔录、天主之城 、论基督教教义 奥古斯丁(①姓氏 ②Saint, 354-430, 罗马帝国基督教思想家; 北非希波主教) 33. The Song of Roland (12th century?) 未知-----------罗兰之歌 34. The Nibelungenlied (13th century) (The Volsunga Saga is the Scandinavian version of the same legend.) 未知-----------尼伯龙根之歌 35. The Saga of Burnt Njal 未知-----------尼雅尔萨迦(尼雅尔传) 36. St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274) .Summa Theologica 阿奎那-----------神学大全 阿奎奈(意大利中世纪神学家和经院学家,1226-1274) 37. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) Works (esp. The New Life, On Monarchy, · The Divine Comedy) 但丁-----------著作 特别:新生活、君主国、神曲 (1265–1321), Italian poet; full name Dante Alighieri. His reputation rests chiefly on The Divine Comedy (c.1309–20), an epic poem describing his spiritual journey through Hell and Purgatory and finally to Paradise. His love for Beatrice Portinari is described in Vita nuova (c.1290–4) 但丁(1265–1321,意大利诗人,全名但丁-阿利吉亚利,主要以《神曲》[约1309–1320] 而闻名,这部史诗描绘了他历经地狱和炼狱最终到达天堂的精神之旅;《新生》[约1290–1294]表现了他对比阿特丽斯-波尔提那利的爱) 38. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400) Works (esp. Troilus and Criseyde, Canterbury Tales) 乔叟-----------著作 特别:特罗勒斯与克丽西德、坎特伯雷故事集 Geoffrey (c.1342–1400), English poet. His most famous work, the Canterbury Tales (c.1387–1400), is a cycle of linked tales told by a group of pilgrims. His skills of characterization, humour, and versatility established him as the first great English poet. Other notable works: Troilus and Criseyde (1385) 乔叟,杰弗里(约1342—1400,英国诗人,其最出名的著作《坎特伯雷故事集》[约1387—1400]通过一群朝圣者之口讲述一组互有关联的故事;其刻画人物、运用幽默、采用多样文风等技巧使其成为英国第一位伟大诗人;其他代表作品:《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》[1385]) 39. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Notebooks 达芬奇-----------笔记 芬奇(①姓氏 ②Leonardo da, 1452-1519, 达·芬奇, 意大利的画家、雕刻家 、建筑家 、科学家) 40. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) · The Prince Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy 马基雅弗利-----------君主论、李维罗马史论 Niccolò di Bernardo dei (1469–1527), Italian statesman and political philosopher. His best-known work is The Prince (1532), which advises rulers that the acquisition and effective use of power may necessitate unethical methods 马基雅弗利,尼克科洛-狄-伯纳多- 德(1469–1527,意大利政治家和政治哲学家;其最有名的著作《君主论》[1532]建议统治者为获取和掌握权力可能必须不择手段) 41. Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1469-1536) The Praise of Folly 伊拉斯谟-----------愚人礼赞 Desiderius (c.1469–1536), Dutch humanist and scholar; Dutch name Gerhard Gerhards. He was the foremost Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, paving the way for the Reformation with his satires on the Church, including the Colloquia Familiaria (1518). However, he opposed the violence of the Reformation and condemned Luther in De Libero Arbitrio (1523) 伊拉斯谟,德西德里斯(约1469–1536,荷兰人文主义者和学者;荷兰语名为格哈德-格哈兹,是北欧最重要的文艺复兴学者,对教会的讽刺作品包括《家常谈》[1518],为宗教改革铺平了道路,不过,他反对宗教改革中使用武力,并在其《自由抉择》[1523]中对路德进行了谴责) 42. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) · On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 哥白尼-----------天体运行论(De Revolutionibus) Nicolaus (1473–1543), Polish astronomer; Latinized name of Mikotaj Kopernik. He proposed a model of the solar system in which the planets orbited in perfect circles around the sun and his work ultimately led to the overthrow of the established geocentric cosmology. He published his astronomical theories in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) 哥白尼,尼古劳斯(1473-1543,波兰天文学家,拉丁名Mikotaj Kopernik;提出太阳是宇宙中心,其他行星围绕太阳旋转的日心说,导致最终推翻当时已确立的地心说;《天体运行论》[1543]阐述了其天文理论) 43. Sir Thomas More (c. 1478-1535) Utopia 托马斯·摩尔-----------乌托邦 乌托邦(理想中美好的社会) an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More 乌托邦(指理想中最完美的地方或事物,最早于1516年由托马斯-莫尔用作书名)。 [常utopia ]理想的完美境界; 空想的社会改良计划(源出英国空想社会主义者托·摩尔所作《乌托邦》一书) 44. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Three Treatises Table-Talk 马丁·路德-----------三檄文、桌上谈 Martin (1483–1546), German Protestant theologian, the principal figure of the German Reformation. He preached the doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works and attacked the sale of indulgences (1517) and papal authority. In 1521 he was excommunicated at the Diet of Worms. His translation of the Bible into High German (1522–34) contributed significantly to the development of German literature in the vernacular 路德,马丁(1483–1546,德国基督教新教神学家,德国宗教改革运动的主要人物,鼓吹“因信称义”,抨击销售赎罪券[1517],反对教皇的权威,1521年在沃尔姆斯会议上被逐出教会;他将《圣经》译成高地德语[1522–1534],为德语白话文学的发展做出了重大贡献) 45. Franois Rabelais (c. 1495-1553) · Gargantua and Pantagruel 拉伯雷-----------巨人传 Franois (c.1494–1553), French satirist. His writings are noted for their earthy humour, their parody of medieval learning and literature, and their affirmation of humanist values. Notable works: Pantagruel (c. 1532)Gargantua (1534) 拉伯雷(约1494—1553,法国讽刺作家,作品朴实幽默,对中世纪学术与文艺加以嘲弄,对人文主义价值观予以肯定;代表作品: 《巨人传》 [约1532],《高康大》 [1534]) 46. John Calvin (1509-1564) Institutes of the Christian Religion 加尔文-----------基督教要义 John (1509–64), French Protestant theologian and reformer. On becoming a Protestant he fled to Switzerland, where he attempted to reorder society on reformed Christian principles and established the first Presbyterian government, in Geneva. His Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) was the first systematic account of reformed Christian doctrine 加尔文,约翰(1509–1564,法国新教神学家和改革家,一成为新教徒之后便逃到瑞士,在那里试图根据改革后的基督教原则重整社会,并在日内瓦建立了第一个长老会政府,其《基督教原理》 [1536] 是首部系统阐述改革后的基督教教义之著作) 47. Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) · Essays 蒙田-----------随笔 Michel (Eyquem) de (1533–92), French essayist. Widely regarded as the originator of the modern essay, he wrote about prominent personalities and ideas of his age in his sceptical Essays (1580; 1588) 蒙田,米歇尔-(埃康)-德(1533—1592,法国散文作家。被认为是现代散文创始人,就其时代显著的个性与思潮撰有质疑性的《随笔集》 [1580; 1588]) 48. William Gilbert (1540-1603) · On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies 威廉·吉尔伯特-----------磁石论 William (1544–1603), English physician and physicist. He discovered how to make magnets, and coined the term magnetic pole. His book De Magnete (1600) is an important early work on physics 吉尔伯特,威廉(1544–1603,英国医师和物理学家,发现制造磁铁的方法并创造了“磁极”一词,所著《论磁石、磁体和地球大磁石》一书[1600]是有关物理学的早期重要著作) 49. Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) · Don Quixote 塞万提斯-----------堂吉诃德 Miguel de (1547–1616), Spanish novelist and dramatist; full name Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. His most famous work is Don Quixote (1605–15), a satire on chivalric romances that greatly influenced the development of the novel 塞万提斯,米格尔-德(1547—1616,西班牙小说家,剧作家,全名米格尔-德塞万提斯-萨韦德拉,最著名的作品《堂吉诃德》[1605—1615]是一部讽刺骑士传奇文学的作品,曾对小说的发展产生重大影响) 50. Edmund Spenser (c. 1552-1599) Prothalamion The Faerie Queene 爱德蒙·斯宾塞-----------预祝婚礼曲、仙后 Edmund (c.1552–99), English poet. He is best known for his allegorical romance the Faerie Queene (1590; 1596), celebrating Queen Elizabeth I and written in the Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞,爱德蒙(约1552—1599,英国诗人,以其颂扬伊丽莎白一世女王,用斯宾塞诗体九行诗节所作的长篇寓言诗《仙后》[1590;1596]著称) 51. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Essays · Advancement of Learning · Novum Organum · New Atlantis 培根-----------随笔集、学术的推进、新工具、新大西岛 Francis, Baron Verulam and Viscount St Albans (1561–1626), English statesman and philosopher. As a scientist he advocated the inductive method; his views were instrumental in the founding of the Royal Society 1660. Notable works: The Advancement of Learning (1605) and Novum Organum (1620) 培根,弗兰西斯(维鲁伦男爵和圣奥尔本斯子爵)(1561—1626,英国政治家和哲学家。作为科学家他提倡归纳法;其观点有助于1660年皇家学会的成立。代表作有: 《学术的进展》[1605]和 《新工具》[1620]) 52. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) .Works 莎士比亚-----------著作 His plays are written mostly in blank verse and include comedies, such as A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It; historical plays, including Richard III and Henry V; the Greek and Roman plays, which include Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra; enigmatic comedies such as All's Well that Ends Well and Measure for Measure; the great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth; and the group of tragicomedies with which he ended his career, such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. He also wrote more than 150 sonnets, published in 1609 莎士比亚,威廉(1564—1616,英国戏剧家) 53. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) The Starry Messenger · Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 伽利略-----------关于两门新科学的对话、星夜的差使 伽利略(意大利天文学家,数学家,1564-1642) 54. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) · Epitome of Copernican Astronomy .Concerning the Harmonies of the World 开布勒-----------哥白尼天文学概要、世界的和谐 Johannes (1571–1630), German astronomer. His analysis of Tycho Brahe's planetary observations led him to discover the three laws governing orbital motion 开普勒,约翰尼斯(1571–1630,德国天文学家,他通过分析第谷-布雷赫观测到的行星数据,发现了行星运行的三大定律) 55. William Harvey (1578-1657) .On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals .On the Circulation of the Blood .On the Generation of Animals 威廉·哈维-----------动物心运动的解剖学研究、血液循环、论动物的生殖 William (1578–1657), English physician, discoverer of the circulation of the blood. In De Motu Cordis (1628) Harvey described the motion of the heart and concluded that the blood left through the arteries and returned to the heart through the veins after it had passed through the flesh 哈维,威廉(1578–1657, 英格兰内科医生,血液循环的发现者,在其著作《心血运动论》[1628]中描述了心脏的跳动,得出结论认为血液经动脉流出心脏,又在通过肌肉后经静脉流回心脏) 56. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) .The Leviathan 托马斯-霍布斯-----------利维坦 Thomas (1588–1679), English philosopher. Hobbes was a materialist, claiming that there was no more to the mind than the physical motions discovered by science, and he believed that human action was motivated entirely by selfish concerns, notably fear of death. In Leviathan (1651) he argued that absolute monarchy was the most rational, hence desirable, form of government 霍布斯,托马斯(1588—1679,英国哲学家;霍布斯是唯物主义者,声称对精神来说,只存在科学发现的物质运动,他相信人的行为完全为自私所驱使,特别是为对死亡的恐惧所驱使;在《利维坦》[1651]中,他认为君主专制政体是最为理性因而最为可取的政府形式) 57. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) · Rules for the Direction of the Mind · Discourse on Method · Geometry · Meditations on First Philosophy 笛卡儿-----------方法中的对话、方法论、几何学、第一哲学沉思 , René (1596–1650), French philosopher, mathematician, and man of science. He concluded that everything was open to doubt except conscious experience and existence as a necessary condition of this: “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am). In mathematics, he developed the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions. 笛卡尔,勒内(1596—1650,法国哲学家,数学家和科学家) 58. John Milton (1608-1674) Works (esp. .the minor poems, · Areopagitica, · Paradise Lost, · Samson Agonistes) 米尔顿-----------著作 特别:英文小诗歌、失乐园、力士参孙、论出版自由 John (1608–74), English poet. His three major works, completed after he had gone blind (1652), show his mastery of blank verse: they are the epic poems Paradise Lost (1667, revised 1674) and Paradise Regained (1671), and the verse drama Samson Agonistes (1671) 弥尔顿,约翰(1608–1674,英国诗人;三部主要作品都创作于他双目失明 [1652]后,展现了驾驭无韵诗体的娴熟技巧;这三部作品是: 史诗《失乐园》 [1667,1674年修订]和《复乐园》 [1671]以及诗剧《力士参孙》 [1671]) 59. Moliere (1622-1673) Comedies (esp. The Miser, The School for Wives, The Misanthrope, The Doctor in Spite of Him-self, Tartuffe) 莫里哀-----------喜剧 特别:吝啬鬼、太太学校、恨世者、讨厌自己的医生、塔图弗 60. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) · The Provincial Letters · Pensees · Scientific treatises 帕斯卡-----------思想录、致外省人信札、科学论文集 Blaise (1623–62), French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He founded the theory of probabilities and developed a forerunner of integral calculus, but is best known for deriving the principle that the pressure of a fluid at rest is transmitted equally in all directions. His Lettres Provinciales (1656–7) and Pensées (1670) argue for his Jansenist Christianity 帕斯卡,布勒斯(1623—1662,法国数学家、物理学家和宗教哲学家,创立了概率论,是微分学的先驱之一,最负盛名的是提出静止流体的压强是向各方均衡传播的原理,著有《致外省人》[1656—1657]和《思想录》[1670]为自己的基督教詹森教派观点作辩护) 61. Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) .Treatise on Light 惠更斯-----------光论 62. Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) · Ethics 斯宾诺莎-----------伦理学 Baruch (or Benedict) de (1632–77), Dutch philosopher, of Portuguese-Jewish descent. Spinoza espoused a pantheistic system, seeing ‘God or nature’ as a single infinite substance, with mind and matter being two incommensurable ways of conceiving the one reality 斯宾诺莎,巴鲁(或本尼迪克特)-德(1632—1677,葡萄牙—犹太裔的荷兰哲学家;信奉一种泛神理论体系,把“上帝或自然”视为单一的无限实体,而精神和物质是领悟同一实在的两种无法以同一标准来衡量的方式) 63. John Locke (1632-1704) ·Letter Conceming Toleration ·Of Civil Government" (second treatise in Two Treatises on Govemment ) ·Essay Conceming Human Understanding Thoughts Conceming Education 洛克-----------论宽容、政府论、人类理解论 John (1632–1704), English philosopher, a founder of empiricism and political liberalism. His Two Treatises of Government (1690) argues that the authority of rulers has a human origin and is limited. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) he argued that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience 洛克,约翰(1632–1704,英国哲学家,经验主义和政治自由主义创始人。他在《政府二条约》 [1690]中提出统治者的权威源自人,并且是有限的。在《人类理解论》 [1690]中提出所有的知识都是从感知经验中产生的) 64. Jean Baptiste Racine (1639-1699) Tragedies ( esp. Andromache, Phaedra) 拉辛-----------悲剧 特别:安德罗玛克、菲德拉 Jean (1639–99), French dramatist, the principal tragedian of the French classical period. Central to most of his tragedies is a perception of the blind folly of human passion, continually enslaved and unsatisfied. Notable works: Andromaque (1667) and Phèdre (1677) 拉辛,让(1639—1699,法国剧作家,法国古典主义时期主要悲剧作家,大部分悲剧作品揭示了人类无法摆脱的盲目而愚蠢的激情;代表作品:《安德罗玛克》[1667]和《菲德拉》[1677]) 65. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) · Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy · Optics 牛顿-----------自然哲学的数学原理、光学 Sir Isaac (1642–1727), English mathematician and physicist, considered the greatest single influence on theoretical physics until Einstein 牛顿,艾萨克爵士(1642–1727,英国数学家、物理学家,被认为是爱因斯坦之前对理论物理影响最大的人) 66. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) Discourse on Metaphysics New Essays Conceming Human Understanding Monadology 莱布尼兹-----------形而上学序论、人类理智新论、单子论 Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716), German rationalist philosopher, mathematician, and logician. He argued that the world is composed of single units (monads), each of which is self-contained but acts in harmony with every other, as ordained by God, and so this world is the best of all possible worlds. Leibniz also made the important distinction between necessary and contingent truths and devised a method of calculus independently of Newton 莱布尼兹,格特弗里 德-威廉(1646–1716,德国理性主义哲学家、数学家和逻辑学家;他认为世界由单个个体(单子)组成,根据上帝旨意,每个单子都独立存在又与其他单子和谐一致,因此他认为这个世界是可能存在的最好世界;同时,他区别必然真理和偶然真理,并且未受牛顿影响发明了微积分演算法) 67. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe 笛福-----------鲁滨逊漂流记 Daniel (1660–1731), English novelist and journalist. His best-known novel, Robinson Crusoe (1719), is loosely based on the true story of the shipwrecked sailor Alexander Selkirk; it has a claim to being the first English novel. Other Notable works: Moll Flanders (novel, 1722) and A Journal of the Plague Year (historical fiction, 1722) 笛福,丹尼尔(1660–1731,英国小说家和记者,最著名的小说《鲁宾孙漂流记》[1719]大体根据海难水手亚历山大-塞尔克尔克的真实故事创作,被认为是第一本英国小说;其他代表作品:小说《摩尔-弗兰德斯》[1722],史传《大疫年日记》[1722]) 68. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) · A Tale of a Tub · Journal to Stella · Gulliver's Travels · A Modest Proposal 斯威夫特-----------致史黛拉书、格理弗游记、一个木桶的故事、一个小小的建议 乔纳森·斯威夫特(英语:Jonathan Swift,1667年11月30日-1745年10月19日)英国-爱尔兰作家。讽刺文学大师,以《格理弗游记》和《一只桶的故事》等作品闻名于世。 69. William Congreve (1670–1729) The Way of the World 康格里夫-----------浮士道 William (1670–1729), English dramatist. A close associate of Swift, Pope, and Steele, he wrote plays such as Love for Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), which epitomize the wit and satire of Restoration comedy 康格里夫,威廉(1670—1729,英国剧作家,斯威夫特、蒲柏和斯梯尔的密友,作品体现英国王政复辟时期喜剧的风趣及讽刺特征,如《为爱而爱》[1965]和《如此世道》[1700]) 70. George Berkeley (1685-1753) · Principles of Human Knowledge 柏克莱/贝克莱-----------人类知识原理 George (1685–1753), Irish philosopher and bishop. He argued that material objects exist solely by being perceived, so there are only minds and mental events. Since God perceives everything all the time, objects have a continuous existence in the mind of God. Notable works: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) 贝克莱,乔治(1685—1753,爱尔兰哲学家、主教,他认为物质客体只能因被感知而存在,所以世间只存在心灵和心理活动;既然上帝每时每刻都在感知万物,客体便在上帝的心中持续存在;代表作品:《人类知识原理》[1710]) 71. Alexander Pope (1688-1744) Essay on Criticism Rape of the Lock Essay on Man 蒲伯-----------论批评、人论、鬈发遇劫记 Alexander (1688–1744), English poet. A major figure of the Augustan age, he is famous for his caustic wit and metrical skill, in particular his use of the heroic couplet. Notable works: The Rape of the Lock (1712; enlarged 1714); An Essay on Man (1733–4) 蒲柏,亚历山大(1688—1744,英国诗人,奥古斯都时代文学的主要人物,以其刻薄机智和韵律技巧,尤其是对英雄偶句诗体的运用而闻名;代表作品: 《夺发记》 [1712;1714年扩写],《论人》 [1733—1734]) 72. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755 ) Persian Letters 孟德斯鸠-----------波斯人信札、论法的精神 Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), French political philosopher. His reputation rests chiefly on L'Esprit des lois (1748), a comparative study of political systems in which he championed the separation of judicial, legislative, and executive powers as being most conducive to individual liberty 孟德斯鸠,查尔斯-路易斯-德塞孔德特,德拉布雷德厄德男爵(1689—1755,法国政治哲学家;主要以《论法的精神》 [1748]著名,该书对比研究各种政治体制,主张立法、行政、司法三权分立可最有效促进个人自由) 73. "Voltaire (1694-1778) Letters on the English Candide Philosophical Dictionary 伏尔泰-----------英国书简、老实人、哲学词典 (1694–1778), French writer, dramatist, and poet; pseudonym of Franois-Marie Arouet. He was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with the Establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings. Notable works: Lettres philosophiques (1734) and the satire Candide (1759) 伏尔泰(1694—1778,法国作家、剧作家、诗人,弗朗索亚马利-阿卢埃的笔名;启蒙运动的代表人物,其激进的观点和讽刺作品经常与统治集团发生冲突;代表作品:《哲学书简》[1734]和讽刺作品《老实人》[1759]) 74. Henry Fielding (1707-1754) · Joseph Andrews .Tom Jones 亨利·菲尔丁-----------约瑟夫·安德鲁传、汤姆·琼斯 Henry (1707–54), English novelist. He provoked the introduction of censorship in theatres with his political satire The Historical Register for 1736. He then turned to writing picaresque novels, notably Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749). Fielding was also responsible for the formation of the Bow Street Runners in 1749 菲尔丁,亨利(1707–1754,英国小说家,其政治讽刺剧《1736年的历史记录》促使当局实施戏剧审查制度;后转写歹徒小说,代表作有《约瑟夫-安德鲁斯》[1742]和《汤姆-琼斯》[1749];还导致当局1749年设立了伦敦博街警署) 75. "Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) The Vanity of Human Wishes Dictionary Rasselas The Lives of the Poets (esp. the essays on Milton and Pope) 塞缪尔·约翰逊-----------人类欲望的虚幻、英文辞典、拉塞勒斯、诗人传 Samuel (1709–84), English lexicographer, writer, critic, and conversationalist; known as Dr Johnson. A leading figure in the literary London of his day, he is noted particularly for his Dictionary of the English Language (1755), edition of Shakespeare (1765), and The Lives of the English Poets (1777). James Boswell's biography of Johnson records details of his life and conversation 约翰逊,塞缪尔(1709—1784,英国辞典编纂家、作家、批评家、雄辩家;通称约翰逊博士;作为当时伦敦文学界的重要人物,他所编纂的《英语辞典》[1755]、莎士比亚作品 [1765]和《英国诗人传》[1777]使他闻名遐迩;詹姆斯-博斯韦尔的《塞缪尔-约翰逊传》详细记录了他的生平和谈话) 76. "David Hume (1711-1776) · Treatise of Human Nature · Essays Moral and Political · An Inquiry Conceming Human Understanding 休姆-----------人性论、道德与政治文集、人类理智研究 休姆,戴维(1711–1776,苏格兰哲学家,经济学家和历史学家,认为知识中不可能存在确定性,声称所有的理性材料都来自经验;主要作品: 《人性论》 [1739–1740]和《英格兰史》 [1754–1762]) 77. "Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) .On the Origin of Inequality .On Political Economy Emile .The Social Contract 让·雅各·卢梭-----------论人类不平等的起源和基础、论政治经济学、爱弥尔、社会契约论 Jean-Jacques (1712–78), French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed that civilization warps the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the ill effects can be moderated by active participation in democratic consensual politics. Notable works: Emile (1762) and The Social Contract (1762) 卢梭,让–雅克(1712—1778,法国哲学家、作家,生于瑞士;他认为文明扭曲了人的本性之善,但是这种恶果可以通过积极参与民主政治得到改变,代表作品: 《爱弥尔》 [1762]和《社会契约论》 [1762]) 78. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) · Tristram Shandy · A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy 劳伦斯-斯特恩-----------商第传、在法国和意大利的伤感旅行 劳伦斯·斯特恩(Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768), 是一位十分奇特的小说家。他出生于爱尔兰的科龙梅尔。由于父亲是名军人,斯特恩从小就过着不安定的游荡生活。1733年,他进入剑桥耶稣学院学习。毕业后做了二十三年牧师,1759年,他在四十六岁的时候开始创作小说巨著《商第传》,共写了九卷(1759—1767)。1768年,他的另一部重要小说作品《感伤旅行》问世。之后不久,他便染病不治身亡,《商第传》的写作也因此中断。 79. Adam Smith (1723-1790) The Theory of the Moral Sentiments .Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 亚当·斯密-----------道德情操论、国富论 英国古典政治经济学体系的建立者。代表英国工场手工业已高度发展、产业革命开始时期资产阶级的利益。在爱丁堡大学和格拉斯哥大学讲授文学、逻辑学、道德哲学。一度游法,结识魁奈和杜尔哥等。1776年发表其代表作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)。从人类利己心出发,以经济自由为中心思想,以国民财富为研究对象,第一次系统地论述了政治经济学的主要内容。相当正确地表示出资本主义经济体系的内在关联,但又把它的外表现象庸俗地加以叙述。认为劳动是财富的源泉和价值的尺度,是他的一大功绩;但又说价值由工资、利润和地租所构成,则为庸俗的生产费用说开其端。在分配论上,科学的成分和错误的见解亦同时并存,既说利润是劳动者所创造的价值的一部分,又说利润是企业主服务或资本职能的报酬。主张自由竞争,抨击重商主义,对英国经济政策曾起过重大作用。另一重要著作是《道德情操论》。 80. "Immanuel Kant (1724--1804) .Critique of Pure Reason .Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals .Critique of Practical Reason .The Science of Right .Critique of Judgment Perpetual Peace 康德-----------纯粹理性批判、实践理性批判、道德的形而上学原理、权利科学、判断力批判、论永久和平 Immanuel (1724–1804), German philosopher. In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) he countered Hume's sceptical empiricism by arguing that any affirmation or denial regarding the ultimate nature of reality (‘noumenon’) makes no sense. All we can know are the objects of experience (‘phenomena’), interpreted by space and time and ordered according to twelve key concepts. Kant's Critique of Practical Reason (1788) affirms the existence of an absolute moral law—the categorical imperative 康德,伊曼纽尔(1724–1804,德国哲学家,在《纯粹理性批判》[1781]中,他驳斥了休姆的经验主义怀疑论,主张任何关于本体本质的肯定或否定都是毫无意义的,我们所能知道的一切只不过是经验的对象或曰“现象”,它们是用时间和空间来解释,且依照十二种主要概念加以整理;康德的《实践理性批判》 [1788]肯定了绝对道德法则,即绝对命令的存在) 81. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) The Decline and FaU of the Roman Empire Autobiography 爱德华·吉本-----------罗马帝国的衰亡 爱德华·吉本(Edward Gibbon,1737年5月8日─1794年1月16日),英国作家、历史学家,启蒙运动的杰出代表之一。《罗马帝国衰亡史》的作者。 82. James Boswell (1740-1795) Journal ( esp. London Journal) .Life of Samuel Johnson Ll.D. 包斯威尔-----------伦敦日记、约翰逊传 James (1740–95), Scottish author, companion and biographer of Samuel Johnson. He is known for Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1785)and The Life of Samuel Johnson (1791) 鲍斯韦尔,詹姆斯(1740—1795,苏格兰作家萨缪尔-约翰逊的朋友和传记作家,著有《科西嘉岛纪实》[1785]和《萨缪尔-约翰逊传记》[1791]) 83. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) · Elements of Chemistry 拉瓦锡-----------化学概要 Antoine Laurent (1743–94), French scientist, regarded as the father of modern chemistry. He caused a revolution in chemistry by his description of combustion as the combination of substances with air, or more specifically the gas oxygen 拉瓦锡,安托万-劳伦(1743–1794,法国科学家,现代化学之父,将燃烧解释为物质与空气[更确切说是氧气]的化合,引发了一场化学界的革命) 84. John Jay (1745-1829), James Madison (1751-1836), and Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) · Federalist Papers (together with the · Articles of Confederation, the .Constitution of the United States, and the · Declaration of Independence) 多位-----------联邦党人文集 85. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Theory of Fictions 边沁-----------道德与立法原理导论、边沁的虚构理论(奥格登编撰) Jeremy (1748 – 1832), English philosopher and jurist, the first major proponent of utilitarianism. Notable works: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) 边沁,杰里米(1748—1832,英国哲学家、法学家,功利主义伦理学的早期代表人物;代表作品:《道德及立法原理》[1789]) 86. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) · Faust Poetry and Truth 歌德-----------浮士德、诗与真相 Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), German poet, dramatist, and scholar. Involved at first with the Sturm und Drang movement, Goethe changed to a more measured and classical style, as in the ‘Wilhelm Meister’ novels (1796–1829). Notable dramas: Gotz von Berlichingen (1773), Tasso (1790), and Faust (1808–32) 歌德,约翰-沃尔夫冈-冯(1749–1832,德国诗人、剧作家和学者,他早先曾卷入狂飙运动,后来他变得字斟句酌并有古典风格,如小说《威廉-迈斯特》[1796–1829]中的风格;著名戏剧有《葛兹-封-贝利欣根》[1773]、《塔索》[1790]和《浮士德》[1808–1832]) 87. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) · Analytical Theory of Heat 傅立叶-----------热的分析理论 Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768–1830), French mathematician. His studies involved him in the solution of partial differential equations by the method of separation of variables and superposition; this led him to analyse the series and integrals that are now known by his name 傅里叶,让-巴蒂斯特-约瑟夫(1768-1830,法国数学家,研究用变量分离和叠加方法解偏微分方程,并用以分析级数和积分;此级数和积分如今以他的名字命名) 88. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) Phenomenology of Spirit · Philosophy of Right · Lectures on the Philosophy of History 黑格尔-----------精神现象学、权利哲学、历史哲学 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), German philosopher. In his Science of Logic (1812–16) Hegel described the three-stage process of dialectical reasoning, on which Marx based his theory of dialectical materialism. He believed that history, the evolution of ideas, and human consciousness all develop through idealist dialectical processes as part of the Absolute or God coming to know itself 黑格尔,乔治-威廉-弗里德里希(1770—1831,德国哲学家。在《逻辑学》[1812—1816]中,黑格尔描述了辨证推理的三阶段,后来成为马克思辩证唯物主义理论的基础;他相信历史、观念的演变和人的意识都是绝对观念或上帝认识自己的一个方面,都通过唯心主义辩证过程发展) 89. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Poems (esp. Lyrical BaUads, Lucy poems, sonnets; The Prelude ) 华兹华斯-----------诗 特别:抒情歌谣集、露茜组诗、长诗(序曲) William (1770–1850), English poet. Much of his work was inspired by the Lake District. His Lyrical Ballads (1798), which was composed with Coleridge and included ‘Tintern Abbey’, was a landmark in romanticism. Other notable poems: ‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’ (sonnet, 1815) and The Prelude (1850). He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1843 华兹华斯,威廉(1770–1850,英国诗人,其许多作品的灵感均来自湖泊地区;他与柯尔律治一道写就的,包括《丁登寺》在内的《抒情歌谣集》 [1798]是浪漫主义的里程碑;其他代表作品有十四行诗《我好似一朵孤独的流云》 [1815]和《序曲》 [1850],1843年被封为桂冠诗人) 90. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) Poems (esp. "Kubla Khan," Rime of the Ancient Mariner) Biographia Literaria 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 -- Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), English poet, critic, and philosopher. His Lyrical Ballads (1798), written with William Wordsworth, marked the start of English romanticism and included ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. Other notable poems: ‘Christabel’ and ‘Kubla Khan’ (both 1816) 柯尔律治,塞缪尔·泰勒(1772—1834,英国诗人、评论家和哲学家,他和威廉·华兹华斯合著的《抒情歌谣集》[1798] 标志着英国文学浪漫主义的开端,其中包括《古舟子咏》;其他代表性诗作: 《克丽斯特贝尔》和《忽必烈汗》[均1816]) 91. Jane Austen (1775-1817) Pride and Preiudice Emma 奥斯汀-----------傲慢与偏见、爱玛 Jane (1775–1817), English novelist. Her major novels are Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), Northanger Abbey (1818), and Persuasion (1818). They are notable for skilful characterization, dry wit, and penetrating social observation 奥斯丁,简(1775—1817,英国小说家,主要作品有: 《理智与情感》[1811],《傲慢与偏见》[1813],《曼斯菲尔德花园》[1814],《爱玛》[1815],《诺桑觉寺》和《劝导》[1818],均以人物刻画细腻、笔调风趣和对社会深刻的洞察而闻名) 92. "Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) On War 克劳塞维茨-----------战争论 卡尔·菲利普·戈特弗里德·冯·克劳塞维茨(1780~1831年),德国军事理论家和军事历史学家,普鲁士军队少将。1792年,参加了普鲁士军队。1795年晋升为军官,并自修了战略学、战术学和军事历史学。著有《战争论》一书。 93. Stendhal (1783-1842) The Red and the Black The Charterhouse of Parma On Love 司汤达-----------红与黑、帕尔马修道院、爱情论 (1783–1842), French novelist; pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle. His two best-known novels are Le Rouge et le noir (1830), relating the rise and fall of a young man from the provinces, and La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) 司汤达(法国小说家;马里耶·亨利·贝勒的笔名;他两部最有名的小说是《红与黑》[1830],描写一个外省青年男子的兴衰,和《巴马修道院》[1839]) 94. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) Don Juan 拜伦-----------瑭璜 George Gordon, 6th Baron (1788–1824), English poet. Byron's poetry exerted considerable influence on the romantic movement, particularly on the Continent.Having joined the fight for Greek independence, he died of malaria before seeing serious action. Notable works: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18) and Don Juan (1819–24) 拜伦,乔治·戈登,男爵(第六)(1788—1824,英国诗人,其诗对浪漫主义运动,尤其对欧洲大陆有很深的影响;参加了希腊独立战争,但在大战前死于疟疾;代表作品:《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》 [1812—1818] 及《唐璜》 [1819—1824]) 95. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Studies in Pessimism 叔本华-----------悲观主义的研究 Arthur (1788–1860), German philosopher. According to his philosophy, as expressed in The World as Will and Idea, the will is identified with ultimate reality and happiness is only achieved by abnegating the will (as desire) 叔本华,亚瑟(1788—1860,德国哲学家,按照他的哲学,即在《意志和表象的世界》中的观点,意志即是终极实在,只有放弃(作为欲望的)意志才能得到幸福) 96. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Chemical History ofa Candle · Experimental Researches in Electricity 法拉第-----------蜡烛的化学历史、电学实验研究 Michael (1791–1867), English physicist and chemist. He contributed significantly to the field of electromagnetism, discovering electromagnetic induction and demonstrating electromagnetic rotation (the key to the electric dynamo and motor). Faraday also discovered the laws of electrolysis and set the foundations for the classical field theory of electromagnetic behaviour 法拉第,迈克尔(1791–1867,英国物理学家和化学家,对电磁学领域贡献巨大,发现了电磁感应,验证了对电动机和发动机至关重要的电磁旋转,还发现了电解定律,奠定了经典电磁场理论的基础) 97. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Principles of Geology 莱伊尔-----------地质学原理 Sir Charles (1797–1875), Scottish geologist. His textbook Principles of Geology (1830–3) influenced a generation of geologists and held that the earth's features were shaped over a long period of time by natural processes, thus clearing the way for Darwin's theory of evolution 赖尔,查尔斯爵士(1797–1875,苏格兰地质学家,他写的教材《地质学原理》 [1830–1833]影响了整整一代地质学者,他断言地球的地貌特征是长时间自然作用形成的,这为达尔文的进化论铺平了道路) 98. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) The Positive Philosophy 孔德-----------实证哲学教程 Auguste (1798–1857), French philosopher, one of the founders of sociology. Comte's positivist philosophy attempted to define the laws of social evolution and to found a genuine social science that could be used for social reconstruction 孔德,奥古斯特(1798–1857,法国哲学家,社会学创始人之一;其实证主义哲学试图详细说明社会进化的规律,并创立一种可用于社会重建的真正的社会科学) 99. Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) Pere Gorlot Eugenie Grandet 巴尔扎克-----------高老头、欧也妮·葛朗台 Honoré de (1799–1850), French novelist. He is chiefly remembered for his series of ninety-one interconnected novels and stories known collectively as La Comédie humaine, which includes Eugénie Grandet (1833) and Le Père Goriot (1835) 巴尔扎克,奥诺雷·德(1799—1850,法国小说家,以包括91部系列小说的巨著《人间喜剧》闻名,包括《欧也妮·葛朗台》[1833]和《高老头》[1835]等) 100. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Representative Men Essays Journal 爱默生-----------代表人物、爱默生集:论文和讲演集、爱默生随笔 Ralph Waldo (1803–82), American philosopher and poet. He evolved the concept of Transcendentalism, which found expression in his essay Nature (1836) 爱默生,拉尔夫·沃尔多(1803–1882,美国哲学家、诗人,发展了超验论思想,该思想在其1836年的散文《论自然》中得以表现) 101. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) The Scarlet Letter 霍桑-----------红字 纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne,1804年7月4日—1864年5月19日)19世纪美国小说家。 其代表作品《红字》已成为世界文学的经典之一。 102. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) Democracy in America 托克维尔-----------美国的民主政治 托克维尔(1805-1859),法国历史学家、社会学家。主要代表作有《论美国的民主》第一卷、《论美国的民主》第二卷、《旧制度与大革命〉。 出身贵族世家,经历过五个“朝代”(法兰西第一帝国、波旁复辟王朝、七月王朝、法兰西第二共和国、法兰西第二帝国)。前期热心于政治,1838年出任众议院议员,1848年二月革命后参与制订第二共和国宪法,1849年一度出任外交部长。 1851年路易·波拿巴建立第二帝国,托克维尔对政治日益失望,从政治舞台上逐渐淡出,并逐渐认识到自己“擅长思想胜于行动”。 103. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) A System of Logic .On Liberty · Representative Government · Utilitarianism · The Subiection of Women · Autobiography 密尔-----------理论学、论自由、代议制政府、功利主义、女性之卑屈、自传 John Stuart (1806–73), English philosopher and economist. Mill is best known for his political and moral works, especially On Liberty (1859), which argued for the importance of individuality, and Utilitarianism (1861), which extensively developed Bentham's theory 穆勒,约翰·斯图亚特(1806–1873,英国哲学家、经济学家;以政治和道德作品最为著名,尤其是《论自由》 [1859,该书论述了个性的重要 性]和《功利主义》 [1861,该书全面发展了边沁的理 论]) 104. Charles Darwin (181882) .The Origin of Species .The Descent of Man Autobiography 查尔斯·达尔文-----------物种起源、人类的由来、自传 Charles (Robert) (1809–82), English natural historian and geologist, proponent of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin was the naturalist on HMS Beagle for her voyage around the southern hemisphere (1831–6), during which he collected the material which became the basis for his ideas on natural selection. His works On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) had a fundamental effect on our concepts of nature and humanity's place within it 达尔文,查尔斯(·罗伯特)(1809–1882,英格兰博物学家和地质学家,自然选择进化理论的提出者,作为博物学家搭乘比格尔号进行环南半球航行[1831–1836],其间所收集的材料成为他自然选择理论的基础;他的《物种起源》[1859]和《人类的由来及性选择》[1871]对我们关于自然和人类在自然中的地位的概念起了根本影响) 105. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Works ( esp. Pickwick Papers, David Copperfield, Hard Times) 查尔斯狄更斯-----------著作 特别:匹克威克外传、大卫·科波维尔、艰难时世 迪更斯(①姓氏 ②Charles, 1812-1870, 英国著名现实主义小说家) 106. Claude Bernard (1813-1878) Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine 克劳德·伯纳德-----------实验医学研究导论 Claude (1813 – 78), French physiologist. Bernard showed the role of the pancreas in digestion, the method of regulation of body temperature, and the function of nerves supplying the internal organs 贝尔纳,克洛德(1813—1878,法国生理学家,发现胰腺在消化中的作用、体温的调节方法以及神经对内脏的作用) 107. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) Civil Disobedience Walden 梭罗 -----------论公民的不服从、瓦尔登湖 Henry David (1817–62), American essayist and poet, and a key figure in Transcendentalism. He is best known for his book Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854), an account of a two-year experiment in self-sufficiency 梭罗,亨利·大卫(1817—1862,美国散文家及诗人,超验主义运动的主要人物,最著名的作品《沃尔登或林中生活》[1854]描述了两年自给自足的生活体验) 108. Karl Marx (1818-1883) · Capital (together with the .Communist Manifesto) 马克思-----------资本论 Karl (Heinrich) (1818–83), German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from 1849. The founder of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaborated with him in the writing of the Communist Manifesto (1848), and enlarged it into a series of books, most notably the three-volume Das Kapital 马克思,卡尔(·海因里希)(1818–1883,德国政治哲学家和政治经济学家,1849年起定居英国,与弗雷德里希·恩格斯共同创立现代共产主义,并合作撰写《共产党宣言》 [1848],又将其扩充成为一系列著作,尤以三卷本的《资本论》著称) 109. George Eliot ( 1819-1880) Adam Bede Middlemarch 乔治·艾略特-----------亚当·贝德、米德尔马契 George (1819–80), English novelist; pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans. Her novels of provincial life are characterized by their exploration of moral problems and their development of the psychological analysis that marks the modern novel. Notable works: Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), and Middlemarch (1871–2) 艾略特,乔治(1819–1880,英国小说家,本名玛丽·安·伊万斯,其关于乡镇生活小说的特点是对道德问题的挖掘及发展运用作为现代小说标志的心理分析法;代表作品: 《亚当·比德》[1859],《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》[1860]及《米德尔马契》[1871–1872]) 110. Herman Melville (1819-1891) .Moby Dick Billy Budd 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔-----------莫比迪克(白鲸)、比理巴德 Herman (1819–91), American novelist and short-story writer. His experiences on a whaling ship formed the basis of several novels, notably Moby Dick (1851). Other notable works: Billy Budd (first published in 1924) 梅尔维尔,赫尔曼(1819—1891,美国长篇和短篇小说家;在捕鲸船上的经历构成他数部小说的基础,其中尤以《白鲸》著名 [1851];其他代表作品有《毕利·伯德》 [1924年首次出版]) 111. Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) Crime and Punishment The Idiot .The Brothers Karamazov 陀思妥耶夫斯基-----------罪与罚、白痴、卡拉马佐夫兄弟 Fyodor (Mikhailovich) (1821–81), Russian novelist. Dostoevsky's novels reveal his psychological insight, savage humour, and concern with the religious, political, and moral problems posed by human suffering. Notable novels: Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1868), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880) 陀斯妥也夫斯基,费奥多尔(·米哈伊洛维奇)(1821—1881,俄罗斯小说家,作品体现了作者的心理洞察力、狂放的幽默和对造成人类痛苦的宗教、政治和道德问题的关心;代表小说:《罪与罚》[1866]、《白痴》[1868]和《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》[1880]) 112. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary Three Stories 福楼拜-----------包法利夫人、三个故事 Gustave (1821–80), French novelist and short-story writer. A dominant figure in the French realist school, he achieved fame with his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857). Its portrayal of the adulteries and suicide of a provincial doctor's wife caused Flaubert to be tried for immorality (and acquitted) 福楼拜,居斯塔夫(1821–1880,法国长篇小说家和短篇故事作家,法国现实主义流派的领军人物,发表处女作《包法利夫人》[1857]后便声名鹊起;小说对一位乡下医生妻子的通奸和自杀行为的描写使福楼拜被控道德沦丧而受审,但后来宣告无罪 113. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) Plays (esp. Hedda Gabler, A Dorfs House, The Wild Duck) 易卜生-----------戏剧 特别:海达·高布乐、玩偶之家、野鸭 Henrik (1828–1906), Norwegian dramatist. He is credited with being the first major dramatist to write tragedy about ordinary people in prose. Ibsen's later works, such as The Master Builder (1892), deal increasingly with the forces of the unconscious and were admired by Sigmund Freud. Other notable works: Peer Gynt (1867), A Doll's House (1879), Ghosts (1881) 易卜生,亨利克(1828—1906,挪威戏剧家;被认为是首位以散文体描写普通人悲剧的主要戏剧家;其晚期作品,如《建筑师索尔尼斯》 [1892],越来越多涉及无意识的力量,为西格蒙德·弗洛伊德所欣赏;其他代表作品:《彼尔·英特》 [1867],《玩偶之家》 [1879],《群鬼》 [1881]) 114. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) .War and Peace Anna Karenina What Is Art? Twenty-three Tales 托尔斯泰-----------战争与和平、安娜·卡列尼娜、艺术论、二十三个故事 Count Leo (1828–1910), Russian writer; Russian name Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. He is best known for the novels War and Peace (1863–9), an epic tale of the Napoleonic invasion, and Anna Karenina (1873–7) 托尔斯泰,列奥伯爵(1828—1910,俄国作家,俄语名列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·托尔斯泰,最著名的小说是《战争与和平》[1863—1869]和《安娜·卡列尼娜》[1873—1877],前者是一部描写拿破仑入侵的长篇巨著) 115. Mark Twain (1835-1910) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Mysterious Stranger 马克·吐温-----------哈克贝里·费恩历险记、神秘的来客 马克·吐温(1835-1910, 美国作家, 本名为 Samuel Langhorne Clemens) 116. William James (1842-1910) · The Principles of Psychology The Varieties of Religious Experience Pragmatism Essays in Radical Empiricism 威廉·詹姆斯-----------心理学原理、宗教经验之种种、实用主义、彻底经验论文文集 威廉·詹姆斯 (William James , 1842.01.11-1910.08.26),美国本土第一位哲学家和心理学家,也是教育学家,实用主义的倡导者,美国机能主义心理学派创始人之一,也是美国最早的实验心理学家之一。1875年,建立美国第一个心理学实验室。1904年当选为美国心理学会主席,1906年当选为国家科学院院士。 117. Henry James (1843-1916) The American The Ambassadors 亨利·詹姆斯-----------美国人、奉使记 亨利·詹姆斯(HenryJames,1843年4月15日-1916年2月28日),英国以及美国的作家。詹姆斯的主要作品是小说,此外也写了许多文学评论、游记、传记和剧本。他的小说常写美国人和欧洲人之间交往的问题;成人的罪恶如何影响并摧残了纯洁、聪慧的儿童;物质与精神之间的矛盾;艺术家的孤独,作家和艺术家的生活等。 118. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzche (1844-1900) Thus Spoke Zarathustra Beyond Good and Evil The Genealogy of Morals The Will to Power 尼采-----------查拉斯图拉如是说、善恶的彼岸、道德的系谱、权力意志 Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), German philosopher. He is known for repudiating Christianity's compassion for the weak, exalting the ‘will to power’, and formulating the idea of the Ubermensch (superman), who can rise above the restrictions of ordinary morality 尼采,弗里德里希·威廉(1844–1900,德国哲学家,因批判基督教的惜弱之心,提倡“权力意志”和创立“超人”——能超越凡人道德者——的理念而闻名) 119. Jules Henri Poincare (1854-1912) Science and Hypothesis Science and Method 庞加莱-----------科学与假设、科学与方法、科学的价值 亨利·庞加莱(Jules Henri Poincaré)是法国数学家,1854年4月29日生于南锡,1912年7月17日卒于巴黎。庞加莱的研究涉及数论、代数学、几何学、拓扑学等许多领域。他被公认是19世纪后四分之一和二十世纪初的领袖数学家,是对于数学和它的应用具有全面知识的最后一个人。 120. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) .The Interpretation of Dreaf1l$ · Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis .Civilization and Its Discontents .New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis 弗洛伊德-----------梦的解析、精神分析引论、文明及其不满、精神分析引论新编 Anna (1895–1982), Austrian-born British psychoanalyst, the youngest child of Sigmund Freud. She introduced important innovations in method and theory to her father's work, notably with regard to disturbed children, and set up a child therapy course and clinic in London 弗洛伊德,安娜(1895–1982,奥地利出生的英国心理分析学家,西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的幼女,对其父的工作在方法和理论上提出了重要创新,其中以她对心理畸形儿童的见解最为突出,在伦敦开设了儿童心理疗法课程并建立了诊疗所。) 121. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Plays (and Prefaces) (esp. Man and Superman, Major Barbara, Caesar and Cleopatra, Pygmalion, Saint Joan) 萧伯纳-----------戏剧 特别:人和超人、芭巴拉少校、恺撒和克里奥佩特拉、卖花女、圣女贞德 萧伯纳(George Bernard Shaw,1856年7月26日-1950年11月2日),直译为乔治·伯纳·萧,爱尔兰剧作家,1925年「因为作品具有理想主义和人道主义」而获诺贝尔文学奖,是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家,是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。 122. Max Planck (1858-1947) Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory Where Is Science Going? Scientific Autobiography 马克斯·普朗克-----------origin and development of the quantum theory、Where Is Science Going、科学自传 Max (Karl Ernst Ludwig) (1858–1947), German theoretical physicist who founded quantum theory, announcing the radiation law named after him in 1900. Nobel Prize for Physics (1918) 普朗克,马克斯(·卡尔·恩斯特·路德维希)(1858–1947,德国理论物理学家,创立量子理论,并于1990年宣告以他名字命名的辐射定律,1918年获诺贝尔物理奖) 123. Henri Bergson (1859-1941) Time and Free Will Matter and Memory Creative Evolution The Two Sources of Morality and Religion 亨利·伯格森 -----------"时间与自由意志、物质与记忆、创造进化论Creative Evolution、道德与宗教的两个起源the two sources of morality and religion" Henri (Louis) (1859 – 1941), French philosopher. Dividing the world into life (or consciousness) and matter, he rejected Darwinian evolution and argued that life possesses an inherent creative impulse (elan vital) which creates new forms as life seeks to impose itself on matter. Nobel Prize for Literature (1927) 柏格森,亨利(·路易)(1859—1941,法国哲学家,他将世界分为生命[或意识]与物质两部分,否定达尔文进化论,认为生命具有内在创造冲动[即生命冲动],当生命寻求对物质产生影响时,生命冲动就会创造出新的形式;获1927年诺贝尔文学奖) 124. John Dewey (1859-1952) How We Think Democracy and Education Experience and Nature Logic, the Theory of Inquiry 杜威-----------我们怎样思维、民主主义与教育、经验与自然、逻辑:探究的理论 John (1859–1952), American philosopher and educationist. Working in the pragmatic tradition of William James and C. S. Pierce, he evolved the educational theory that children would learn best by doing 杜威,约翰(1859–1952,美国哲学家和教育家,承袭威廉·詹姆斯和C·S·皮尔斯的实用主义,形成了一种认为孩子最好的学习方法是实践的教育理论) 125. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) An Introduction to Mathematics Science and the Modem World The Aims of Education and Other Essays Adventures of Ideas 怀特黑德-----------数学导论、科学与现代世界、教育的目的及其他论文、观念的冒险 Alfred North (1861–1947), English philosopher and mathematician. He is remembered chiefly for Principia Mathematica (1910–13), on which he collaborated with his pupil Bertrand Russell. However, he was concerned to explain more generally the connections between mathematics, theoretical science, and ordinary experience 怀特海,艾尔弗雷德·诺思(1861—1947,英国哲学家、数学家,因其与学生伯特兰·罗素合著的《数学原理》[1910—1913]而闻名,但他主要关心的是更概括地畅述数学、理论科学和日常经验之间的关系) 126. George Santayana (1863-1952) The Life of Reason Skepticism and Animal Faith Persons and Places 桑塔耶纳-----------理性生活、怀疑主义与动物信仰skepticism and animal faith、人与地persons and places 乔治·桑塔耶纳(George Santayana,1863~1952),西班牙著名自然主义哲学家、美学家,美国美学的开创者,同时还是著名的诗人与文学批评家。桑塔耶纳早年就读于哈佛大学,后任该校哲学教授。桑塔耶纳的主要著作有《美感》(1896)、《诗与宗教的阐释》(1900)、《理性生活》(1905、1906)、《三位哲学诗人:卢克莱修、但丁与歌德》(1910)、《怀疑论与动物信仰》(1917)、《存在领域》(1927~1940)等 127. Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924) The State and Revolution 列宁-----------国家与革命 Vladimir Ilich (1870–1924), the principal figure in the Russian Revolution and first Premier of the Soviet Union 1918–24; born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov 列宁,弗拉基米尔·伊里奇(1870–1924,俄国革命主要领导人,1918–1924为苏联首任总理,出生名弗拉基米尔·伊里 奇·乌里扬诺夫) 128. Marcel Proust (1871-1922) Remembrance of Things Past 普鲁斯特-----------追忆似水年华 Marcel (1871–1922), French novelist, essayist, and critic. He devoted much of his life to writing his novel A la recherche du temps perdu (published in seven sections between 1913 and 1927). Its central theme is the recovery of the lost past and the releasing of its creative energies through the stimulation of unconscious memory 普鲁斯特,马塞尔(1871—1922,法国小说家、散文家和评论家,他一生花了很长时间创作小说《追忆似水年华》,1913至1927年间,该小说分七卷出版,其中心主题是通过无意识记忆的刺激重现已逝年华及其原创力的释放) 129. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) The Problems of Philosophy The Analysis of Mind An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth Human Knowledge; Its Scope and Limits 伯特兰·罗素-----------哲学问题、心的分析、意义和真理研究、人类知识的范围和界限 Bertrand (Arthur William), 3rd Earl Russell (1872–1970), British philosopher, mathematician, and social reformer. In Principia Mathematica (1910–13) he and A. N. Whitehead attempted to express all of mathematics in formal logic terms. He expounded logical atomism in Our Knowledge of the External World (1914) and neutral monism in The Analysis of Mind (1921). A conscientious objector during the First World War, he also campaigned for women's suffrage and against nuclear arms. Nobel Prize for Literature (1950) 罗素,伯特兰(·阿瑟·威廉),罗素伯爵(第三)(1872–1970,英国哲学家、数学家、社会改革家,在《数学原理》[1910–1913]中他和A·N·怀特海试图用形式逻辑术语表达整个数学;在《我们的外部世界知识》[1914]中他阐述了逻辑原子主义,在《心的分析》[1921]中他阐述了中立一元论;在第一次世界大战中他拒服兵役,还参加了争取妇女选举权的运动,并且反对核武器;1950年获诺贝尔文学奖) 130. Thomas Mann (1875-1955) The Magic Mountain Joseph and His Brothers 托马斯·曼-----------魔山、约瑟和他的兄弟们 Thomas (1875–1955), German novelist and essayist. The role and character of the artist in relation to society is a constant theme in his works. Notable works: Buddenbrooks (1901), Death in Venice (1912), and Dr Faustus (1947). Nobel Prize for Literature (1929) 曼,托马斯(1875–1955,德国小说家、散文家,其作品的一个不变的主题是艺术家的角色和性格同社会的关系;代表作品:《布登勃洛克一家》[1901],《魂断威尼斯》[1912]和《浮士德》[1947];1929年获诺贝尔文学奖) 131. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) The Meaning of Relativity On the Method of Theoretical Physics The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infeld) 爱因斯坦-----------相对论的意义、在牛津大学的演讲on the method of theoretical physics、物理学的进化 Albert (1879–1955), German-born American theoretical physicist, founder of the theory of relativity 爱因斯坦,阿尔伯特(1879–1955,生于德国的美国理论物理学家,相对论的奠基人) 132. James Joyce (1882-1941) "The Dead" in Dubliners Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Ulysses 詹姆斯·乔伊斯-----------《都柏林人》中的"死者"、青年艺术家的画像 James (Augustine Aloysius) (1882–1941), Irish writer. One of the most important writers of the modernist movement, he made his name with Dubliners (short stories, 1914). His novel Ulysses (1922) revolutionized the structure of the modern novel and developed the stream-of-consciousness technique. Other notable novels: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1914–15) and Finnegans Wake (1939) 乔伊斯,詹姆斯(奥古斯丁·阿洛伊修斯)(1882-1941,爱尔兰作家。现代主义运动最重要的作家之一,1914年的短篇小说集《都柏林人》使他一举成名,小说《尤利西斯》 [1922]使现代小说结构产生了巨大的变革并发展了意识流创作技巧;其他代表作品: 《青年艺术家肖像》 [1914—1915]和《芬尼根的苏醒》 [1939]) 133. Jacques Maritain (1882- ) Art and Scholasticism The Degrees of Knowledge The Rights of Man and Natural Law True Humanism 马利坦-----------艺术与经院哲学、知识的等级、人权与自然法、完整的人道主义 雅克·马利坦(Jacques Maritain,1882—1973年),法国天主教哲学家。他是当代圣托马斯·阿奎那哲学的重要阐释者,并且他倡导将圣托马斯·阿奎那哲学运用到宗教、艺术、政治和教育当中去。 他的作品包括:《三位改革者》(1929年)、《艺术与经院哲学》(1930年)、《不属于恺撒的事情》(1930年)、《天使博士》(1931年)、《真正的人道主义》(1938年)、《形而上学导论》(1939年)、《经院哲学与政治》(1940年)、《道德哲学》(1964年)、《加伦河的农人》(1968年)。 134. Franz Kafka (1883-1924) The Trial The Castle 弗兰兹·卡夫卡-----------审判、城堡 弗兰兹·卡夫卡(Franz Kafka 1883~1924)奥地利小说家。出生犹太商人家庭,18岁入布拉格大学学习文学和法律,1904年开始写作,主要作品为4部短篇小说集和3部长篇小说。可惜生前大多未发表,3部长篇也均未写完。卡夫卡是欧洲著名的表现主义作家。他生活在奥匈帝国行将崩溃的时代,又深受尼采、柏格森哲学影响,对政治事件也一直抱旁观态度,故其作品大都用变形荒诞的形象和象征直觉的手法,表现被充满敌意的社会环境所包围的孤立、绝望的个人。 135. Arnold Toynbee (1889- ) A Study of History Civilization on Trial 汤因比-----------历史研究、审判文化 Arnold (Joseph) (1889–1975), English historian. He is best known for his twelve-volume Study of History (1934–61), in which he traced the pattern of growth, maturity, and decay of different civilizations 汤因比,阿诺德(·约瑟夫)(1889—1975,英国历史学家;他最有名的著作是探索各种文明兴起,成熟及衰败模式的12卷本《历史研究》[1934—1961]) 136. Jean Paul Sartre (1905- ) Nausea No Exit Being and Nothingness 萨特-----------恶心、死无葬身之地、存在与虚无 Jean-Paul (1905–80), French philosopher, novelist, dramatist, and critic. A leading existentialist, he dealt in his work with the nature of human life and the structures of consciousness. He refused the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964. Notable works: Nausée (novel, 1938), Being and Nothingness (treatise, 1943), and Huis clos (play, 1944) 萨特,让保罗(1905—1980,法国哲学家、小说家、剧作家、评论家,主要的存在主义者,他在著作中研究人的生命的本质及意识体系;1964年他拒绝接受诺贝尔文学奖,代表作品:小说《恶心》[1938],专著《存在与虚无》[1943]及剧本《在密室里》[1944]) 137. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn ( 1918- The First Circle Cancer Ward 亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴-----------第一圈、癌症病房 亚历山大·伊萨耶维奇·索尔仁尼琴 (俄语:Александр Исаевич Солженицын ;1918年11月12日~2008年8月3日)。俄罗斯作家。 三、 根据科目将作者分类统计: 哲学(共37):10、11、12、22、25、28、31、32、51、56、57、60、62、63、66、70、72、76、77、80、88、90、95、98、100、103、108、116、118、123、124、125、126、127、129、133、136、 社会科学(共30): 宗教(6):2、35、44、46、60、116、 政治(13):16、40、43、46、51、63、72、79、84、85、103、108、127 经济(4):76、79、103、108、 社会(2):102、129、 教育(2):116、124、 心理学(2):116、120、 军事(1):92、 人文科学与艺术(共87) 文学(7):41、47、68、107、114、128、130、 作家(16):16、22、39、68、73、75、77、81、82、114、115、117、121、132、136、137、 小说(21):45、49、67、74、78、91、93、99、101、105、109、110、111、112、114、117、128、130、132、134、136 诗歌(20):17、18、19、21、33、34、37、38、50、58、59、71、73、85、86、89、90、94、100、107、 戏剧(11):3、4、6、9、52、64、69、73、86、113、136、 历史(10):1、5、7、20、23、27、76、81、102、135、 美学(1):126、 传记(1):35、 自然科学(共29) 数学(14):13、14、15、24、53、57、60、65、66、87、119、122、125、129、 物理学(7):48、53、60、61、65、96、131、 天文学(3):26、42、54、 化学(1):96、 生物学(3):55、104、106、 地理(1):97、104、 医学科学(共5) 医学(5):8、29、48、55、106、
英文分类: http://cyberspacei.com/greatbooks/h2/how2read/h2r_appendix.htm#_Toc513561980 四、本文书目概要介绍,主要参考 [0] 如何阅读一本书 中 附录一 建议阅读书目 [1] 新牛津英汉双解大词典 [2] 现代英汉综合大辞典 [3] 爱词霸网络百科 [4] 爱词霸网络词典 [5] 简明英汉词典 [6] 百度百科 [7] 附录一 建议阅读书目的翻译 http://book.douban.com/review/1082685/ [8] 火柴同学提供的豆列: http://www.douban.com/doulist/392033/ 五、一些杂问? 5W2H: Why为什么要列一个这样的书目呢? What这个书目都包含哪些书? How列的这个书目? 类似的书目《青年必读书手册》 因为是中国人写的书,偏重于中国作品,正好能补充《如何阅读一本书》书目中中国作者及作品 Who? When? Where?