All we know about reasoning is wrong

[我们根深蒂固的假设]以及[目前认知科学提供的结论]


[假设1]我们知道自己在想什么。I know what I think
[结论1]No，98%的思维活动是无意识的。


[假设2]推理论证是不基于情绪的。 Reasoning is dispassionate
[结论2]No，人的理性是构建于情绪之上的。You can't be rational without being emotional. Experiment by Antonio & Hanna Damasio shows that people who have stroke and brain damage that make them unable to feel emotions are unable to make rational decisions because like or not like doesn't mean anything to them.


[假设3]我们可以直接对现实世界进行推理论证。
[结论3]No，我根本无法接触到实相(reality)。我只能基于现实世界在我脑海中的映像来对现实世界进行推理论证。头脑是进化出来支配身体。身体将外界刺激转化为电信号在神经回路中传播。没有神经回路，我们就无法思考。


[假设4]我们的头脑是通用型计算机(General Purpose Computer)
[结论4]No，我们的头脑具有特定结构，使我们通过框架(frame)来思考。每一个词汇都使根据特定的框架定义的，而这些框架就寄居在我们的神经回路中，its a physical thing.


[假设5]词汇是中性的。Words can fit the world as it is。因为，我们可以直接思考外界现实，而且词汇是对思维的编码
[结论5]No，words are defined in terms of conceptual framework and people can have different one


[假设6]隐喻是一种语言现象
[结论6]No，隐喻系统的生成通常早于语言获得， 隐喻系统不是通过语言系统获得的，而是是通过与外在世界交互过程中获得的。A system of primary metaphors are learned before language acquisition just by functioning in the world. if I pour MORE water in glass, the level goes UP. you might not be paying attention but your brain is. Two part of the brain activated together, one for quantity, one for verticality. What happen if two part of the brain activated together over and over every day? It picked up the information that UP == MORE.


[假设7]理性人追求利益最大化（博弈论及经济学中的理性决策公理）
[结论7]Partly true. It's related to mirror neuron which is believed to be the basis of empathy, cooperation, deception and theory of mind.

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