等效翻译探索

研究翻译的基本问题：1.形式与内容的关系 （理论的中心 主要矛盾）2.灵活变动与准确的关系 3.词语涵意与上下文、语境的关系 4.异国情调与翻译腔的关系 5.翻译标准及其上下限的关系（实际指导作用最明显）

一般来说，英语不怕重复使用代词、连词之类，可是很不喜欢复用实词，英语修辞学重点之一就是研究如何避免实词的重复；汉语在这点上和英语很不一样，有些地方似正相反，对于代词、连词之类不像英语那么反复使用，而对于实词，虽然在修辞上也要求避免不必要的重复，在某些场合往往有意地复用，不但不显得啰嗦，反而更为明确有力。

……翻译中有一个对等问题，但不是词与词之间的对等，而是整句或整段译文给读者的感受和原文给读者的感受之间的对等。

A——R1→O←R2——甲 A：一种语言的词或更大的达意单位 O：代表A锁着的事物或概念 甲：代表另一种语言中与A相当的成分 R1：原文的接受者（听众或读者） R2：译文接受者

Night ThoughtsI wake,and moonbeams play around my bed,Glittering like hoar frost to my wandering eye;Up towards the glorious moon I raise my head,Then lay me down-and thoughts of home arise. Herbert A Giles.Quiet Night ThoughtsMoonlight before my bed,Could it be frost instead?Head up,I watch the moon;Head down,I think of home. 赵甄陶Quiet Night ThoughtsBefore my bedthere is bright moonlight So that it seemslike frost on the ground;Lifting my headI watch the bright moon,Lowering my headI dream that I'm home. Arthur CooperNight ThougfuhtsIn front of my bed the moonlight is very bright.I wonder if that can be frost on the floor?I lift up my head and look at the full moon,the dazzling moon,I drop my head,and think of the home of old days. Amy LowellOn a Quiet NoghtI saw the moonlight before my couch,And wondered if it were not the frost on the ground.I raised my head and looked out on the mountain moon,I bowed my head and thought of my far-off home. S ObataThe Moon Shines EverywhereSeeing the moon before my couch so brightI thought hoar frost had fallen from the nightOn her clear face I gaze with lifted eyes:The hide them full of Youth's sweet memories. W.J.B.FletcherIn the Quiet NightSo bright a gleam on the foot of my bed-Could there have been a frost already?Lifting myself to look,I found that it was moonlight.Sinking back then,I thought suddenly of home Witter BynnerThoughts in a Tranquil NightAthwart the bedI watch the moonbeams cast a trailSo bright,so cold ,so frail,That for a space it gleamsLike hoar-frost on the margin of my dreams.I raise my head,-The splendid moon I see;Then droops my head,And sink to dreams of thee-My fatherland,of thee. L.Granmer-Byng