theory could be seen as having a number of elements; it abstracts a set of general or specific principles to be used as a basis for explaining and acting, with the theory being tested and refined if necessary. (查看原文)
Normative: Concerns how the world ought to be
Prescriptive: Concerned with best means of achieving a desired condition
Empirical: Concerned with explaining reality
Models: Representations or stylized and simplified pictures of reality
Conceptual frameworks or perspectives: Ways of looking at or conceiving an object of study
Theorizing: Thinking about some aspect of a phenomenon (查看原文)
1.Direct effects upon structural contexts within which it takes place and within which future action occurs - producing a partial transformation of the structural context (though not necessarily as anticipated).
2.Strategic learning on the part of actors involved, enhancing awareness of structures and the constraints/opportunities they impose, providing the basis from which subsequent strategy might be formulated and perhaps prove more successful. (查看原文)
theories of democracy, cognitive psychology, regime and regulation theory, implementation theory, central-local relations, nationalism and a host of other mess-level theoretical constructs. (查看原文)
systems existed in all areas of natural and human environment and systems could be controlled through regulating the communication between the various constituent parts. (查看原文)
acceptance that cities and regions are complex sets of connected parts, which are in constant flux. planning, as a form of systems analysis and control, must itself be dynamic and concerned with change. (查看原文)
a system is understood as a complex whole, a set of connected things or parts and a group of objects related or interacting so as to form a unity. commonly referred to systems such as eco systems emphasize the mutual relationship between different but reliant organisms, (查看原文)
increasing amount of data and the inputs to methods such as projections and forecasts. investigations of causal mechanisms, in particular, will help develop more accurate and robust models because they allow us to account for or assume differing patterns of change in the components of a situation. (查看原文)
the clarification of policy goals, systematic analysis, logical generation of policy goals, systematic evaluation of these alternatives and monitoring performance. (查看原文)
shall act with competence, honesty and integrity and shall fearlessly and impartially exercise their independent professional judgment to the best of their skill and understanding. (查看原文)
urban areas and planning cannot be treated as objects of study separate from society. they are produced by that society and more fundamentally, have an internal logic and function that is primarily derived from the economic structuring forces within that society in most cases capitalism. (查看原文)
the state as the repressive arm of the bourgeoisie:
the state as an instrument of ruling class: 保证阶级体制的稳定性
the state as an ideal collective capitalist
the state as a factor of cohesion (查看原文)
general infrastructure that cannot be provided profitably by private businesses
the capacity to defend militarily national economic space
the provision of a legal system that establishes and protects private property
systems for regulating and ameliorating class struggle and conflict between capital and labour. (查看原文)
