Metaphors We Live By

metaphorical concept is everywhere in our life

Chapter 1 Concepts We Live By[conceptual system; metaphorical][concept/conceptual metaphor][Te concept,activity language is metaphorically structured]NOTES:1.metaphor is not just a matter of language.2.human thought processes are largely metaphorical.3.human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined.4.metaphor means metaphorical concept.Chapter 2 The Systematicity of MCThe metaphorical concept is systematic, the language we use to talk about that aspect of the concept is systematic.Chapter 3 Metaphorical Systematicity:Highlighting & Hiding[conduit metaphor,container,sending through conduit]1.Structured metaphorical concept is partial, not total, it means that can be extended in some ways.Chapter 4 Orientational Metaphors[Physical and Cultural basis][Spatialization][Coherence of metaphorical system][Mundane reality][Experiential basis]1.Orientational metapor have the basis in our physical and cultural experience.2,Most of them are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors.3,Spatialization metaphors are based in physical and cultural experience and not assigned randomly.Chapter 5 Metapor and Cultural Coherence[Statement of the concept of progress][Cultural values][Priority][Personal Values][Mainstream Culture]1.Not all cultural values coherent with a metaporical system.2.The various subcultures of a mainstream culture share basic values but give them different priorities.3.Not all cultures give te priorities to up-down orientation.Chapter 6 Ontological Metaphors[Entity,Substance Metaphors; purpose][Container Metaphors, Physical boundary, territoriality; quantification][Container Object, Container Substance][Events,Actions,Activities,States]1.The basic experiences of human spatial orientations give us the rise to orientational metaphors.2.Our experiences with physical object provide the basis for an extraodinarily wide variety of ontological metaphors as it follws: ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.3.INFLATION examples, refers a few purposes used in the range otontological metaphors such as referring, quantifying, identifying aspects, identifying causes, setting goals and motivating actions.4.THE MIND example and BRITTLE OBJECT example do not focus on the same aspect of mental experience.5.Defining of a territory, putting a boundary around human instincts, is an act of quantification, we view them as containers with an inside and an outside.6.TUB examples, view the tub as a CONTAINER OBJECT,while the water is a CONTAINER SUBSTANCE.7.The metaphorical concept visual fields are containers.8.Events and actions are conceptualized metaphorically as OBJECTS, activities as SUBSTANCES, states as CONTAINERS.9.the RACE example, we view the race itself as a CONTAINER OBJECT, the start and finish as EVENTS,running as the ACTIVITY. 10.Activities in general are viewed metaphorically as SUBSTANCES and therefore as CONTAINERS. Thus, activities are viewed as containers for the actions and other activities that make them up.Chapter 7 Personification[personification metaphors]1.perhaps the most obvious ontological metaphors.2.personification is not a single unified general process.3.INFLATION example shows that personification is a general category that covers a very wide range of metaphors.Chapter 8 Metonymy[synecdoche; metonymic concept; symbolic metonymy][Metaphor and Metonymy]The distinguishing between Personification and Metonymy:1.Personification does not refer to actual human beings,but Metonymy does.Metaphor and metonymy are different kinds of processes:1.Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and its primary function is understanding.2.Metonymy has primarily a referential function, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another.3.Metonymy is not merely a referential device, it also serves the function of providing understanding.Metaphor and Metonymy share something in common:1.Allow us to focus more specifically on certain aspects of what is being referred to.2.Not just a poetic or rhetorical device.3.not random or arbitrary occurrences,but systematic.4.grounted in our experience.Chapter 9 Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence[Metaphorical Contradiction][Coherence vs. Consistency]1.TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT METAPHOR is the best example of the Metaphorical Contradiction.2.TIME IS STATIONARY AND WE MOVE THROUGH IT exapmle have two subcases of the same metaphor.3.In general, metaphorical concepts are defined not in terms of concrete images, but in therms of more general categories like passing.Chapter 10 Some Further ExamplesSome examples that we called literal expressions structured by metaphorical concepts.

Lexical metaphors and grammatical metaphors!!! Stupid enough to choose this topic!!! I hold a grudge against my dissertation!!!!!!

Any adequate theory of the human conceptual system will have to give an account of how concepts are (1) grounded, (2) structured, (3) related to each other, and (4) defined.