出版社: University Of Chicago Press
出版年: 2003-4-15
页数: 242
定价: USD 16.00
装帧: Paperback
ISBN: 9780226468013
内容简介 · · · · · ·
People use metaphors every time they speak. Some of those metaphors are literary - devices for making thoughts more vivid or entertaining. But most are much more basic than that - they're "metaphors we live by", metaphors we use without even realizing we're using them. In this book, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we com...
People use metaphors every time they speak. Some of those metaphors are literary - devices for making thoughts more vivid or entertaining. But most are much more basic than that - they're "metaphors we live by", metaphors we use without even realizing we're using them. In this book, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning. Bringing together the perspectives of linguistics and philosophy, Lakoff and Johnson offer an intriguing and surprising guide to some of the most common metaphors and what they can tell us about the human mind. And for this new edition, they supply an afterword both extending their arguments and offering a fascinating overview of the current state of thinking on the subject of the metaphor.
作者简介 · · · · · ·
George Lakoff is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of, among other books, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things and Moral Politics, both published by the University of Chicago Press.
.
Mark Johnson is the Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Oregon. He is the author of The Body in t...
George Lakoff is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of, among other books, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things and Moral Politics, both published by the University of Chicago Press.
.
Mark Johnson is the Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Oregon. He is the author of The Body in the Mind and Moral Imagination, both published by the University of Chicago Press. Johnson and Lakoff have also coauthored Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought.
目录 · · · · · ·
.
1. Concepts We Live By
2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts
3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding
4. Orientational Metaphors
· · · · · · (更多)
.
1. Concepts We Live By
2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts
3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding
4. Orientational Metaphors
5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence
6. Ontological Metaphors
7. Personification
8. Metonymy
9. Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence
10. Some Further Examples
11. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring
12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
13. The Grounding of Structural Metaphors
14. Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical
15. The Coherent Structuring of Experience
16. Metaphorical Coherence
17. Complex Coherences across Metaphors
18. Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure
19. Definition and Understanding
20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form
21. New Meaning
22. The Creation of Similarity
23. Metaphor, Truth, and Action
24. Truth
25. The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism
26. The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics
27. How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism
28. Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism
29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths
30. Understanding
.
Afterword References
· · · · · · (收起)
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Metaphors We Live By的话题 · · · · · · ( 全部 条 )



Metaphors We Live By的书评 · · · · · · ( 全部 31 条 )

人是隐喻性的动物——读《我们赖以生存的隐喻》


砍下君主的头颅——关于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》
这篇书评可能有关键情节透露
写在前面:颠覆与自省 因为现当代文学课程,读过一段时间的鲁迅,将阅读体验写成名为《砍下君主的头颅》的文章。这篇关于鲁迅与自我反思的文章起源于福柯,它的开头是这样的:“我试图反思自身。切实感到反思的迫切与需要,是在阅读福柯之后。……福柯让我看见社会运行中弥漫着... (展开)
Scalers:隐喻是个好东西——读《我们赖以生存的隐喻》
> 更多书评31篇
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happy eeyore (Alas!)
-
涵哥吉祥 (嵇与山。瘦江南)
because I'm bigger than you. (intimidation) ... because if you don't, I'll ... (threat) ... because I'm the boss. (authority) ... because you're stupid. (insult) ... because you usually do it wrong. (belittling) ... because I have as much right as you do. (challenging authority) ... because I love you. (evading the issue) ... because if you will ... , I'll . (bargaining) ... because you're so m...2018-04-27 12:24
because I'm bigger than you. (intimidation) ...
because if you don't, I'll ... (threat) ...
because I'm the boss. (authority) ...
because you're stupid. (insult) ...
because you usually do it wrong. (belittling) ...
because I have as much right as you do. (challenging authority) ...
because I love you. (evading the issue) ...
because if you will ... , I'll . (bargaining) ...
because you're so much better at it. (flatten')
回应 2018-04-27 12:24 -
蓬头稚子 (embarrassing)
"The kind of conceptual system we have is a product of the kind of beings we are and the way we interact with our physical and cultural environments." linguistic forms - spatialization metaphors -> content 作者似乎认为metaphorical concepts -> reality,但是不同的culture也会引起不同的文化 (145) "Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception o...2017-08-19 23:18
"The kind of conceptual system we have is a product of the kind of beings we are and the way we interact with our physical and cultural environments."
linguistic forms - spatialization metaphors -> content
作者似乎认为metaphorical concepts -> reality,但是不同的culture也会引起不同的文化 (145)
"Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception of the physical world is partly metaphorical, metaphor plays a very significant role in determining what is real for us." (146)
conventional metaphors that are part of our conceptual system -> many similarities we have in terms of the categories of our conceptual system and in terms of the natural kinds of experiences we have (147)
先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题:the only kind of similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential, not objective, similarities (154)
structual similarity based on the correlations we feel in life; structual similarity -> metaphorical similarity
"We draw inferences, set goals, make commitments, and execute plans, all on the basis of how we in part structure our experience, consciously and unconsciously, by means of metaphor." (158)
about truth: we believe that the idea that there is absolute objective truth is not only mistaken but socially and politically dangerous. As we have seem, truth is always relative to a conceptual system that is defined in large part by metaphor. (relatively...)
-> Since we see truth as based on understanding and see metaphor as a principal vehicle of understanding, we think that an account of how metaphors can be true will reveal the way in which truth depends upon understanding. (159)
本体隐喻 -> projection!!
"Instead, it is a matter of human projection and human judgment, relative to certain purposes." (167)
关于life is a tale的nonconventional metaphor - highlights our expectation that we can fit our lives into some coherent life story but we r constantly frustrated... the significance of this metaphor - another understanding of life (不只是一本学术书啊……
truth is based on understanding - is because we understand *situations* in terms of our conceptual system that we can understand *statements* using that system of concepts as being true, that is, as fitting or not fitting the situation as we understand it. (179)
Truth is therefore a function of our conceptual system. It is because many of our concepts are metaphorical in nature, and because we understand situations in terms of those concepts, that metaphors can be true or false. (179) metaphors -> conceptual system -> truth
Metaphors are basically devices for understanding and have little to do with objective reality, if there is such a thing. The fact that our conceptual system is inherently metaphorical, the fact that we understand the world, think, and function in metaphorical terms, and the metaphors cannot merely be understood but can be meaningful and true as well - these facts all suggest that an adequate account of meaning and truth can only be based on understanding. (184)
The reason we have focused so much on metaphor is that it unites reason and imagination. (193)
An experientialist approach also allows us to bridge the gap between the objectivist and subjsctivist myths about impartiality and the possibility of being fair and objective... it means only that truth is relative to our conceptual system, which is grounded in, and constantly tested by, our experiences and those of other members of our culture in our daily interaction with other people and with our physical and cultural environments. (193)
(229) 对于科学的态度偷换概念了(认为没有universal truth的原因 > relative to culture, based on understadning, 但是科学并没有这种差别)
We see a single human motivation behind the myths of both objectivism and subjectivism, namely, a concern for *understanding*. (229)
回应 2017-08-19 23:18
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Chapter 1 Concepts We Live By [conceptual system; metaphorical] [concept/conceptual metaphor] [Te concept,activity language is metaphorically structured] NOTES: 1.metaphor is not just a matter of language. 2.human thought processes are largely metaphorical. 3.human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. 4.metaphor means metaphorical concept. Chapter 2 The S...
2013-04-11 20:52
Chapter 1 Concepts We Live By[conceptual system; metaphorical][concept/conceptual metaphor][Te concept,activity language is metaphorically structured]NOTES:1.metaphor is not just a matter of language.2.human thought processes are largely metaphorical.3.human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined.4.metaphor means metaphorical concept.Chapter 2 The Systematicity of MCThe metaphorical concept is systematic, the language we use to talk about that aspect of the concept is systematic.Chapter 3 Metaphorical Systematicity:Highlighting & Hiding[conduit metaphor,container,sending through conduit]1.Structured metaphorical concept is partial, not total, it means that can be extended in some ways.Chapter 4 Orientational Metaphors[Physical and Cultural basis][Spatialization][Coherence of metaphorical system][Mundane reality][Experiential basis]1.Orientational metapor have the basis in our physical and cultural experience.2,Most of them are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors.3,Spatialization metaphors are based in physical and cultural experience and not assigned randomly.Chapter 5 Metapor and Cultural Coherence[Statement of the concept of progress][Cultural values][Priority][Personal Values][Mainstream Culture]1.Not all cultural values coherent with a metaporical system.2.The various subcultures of a mainstream culture share basic values but give them different priorities.3.Not all cultures give te priorities to up-down orientation.Chapter 6 Ontological Metaphors[Entity,Substance Metaphors; purpose][Container Metaphors, Physical boundary, territoriality; quantification][Container Object, Container Substance][Events,Actions,Activities,States]1.The basic experiences of human spatial orientations give us the rise to orientational metaphors.2.Our experiences with physical object provide the basis for an extraodinarily wide variety of ontological metaphors as it follws: ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.3.INFLATION examples, refers a few purposes used in the range otontological metaphors such as referring, quantifying, identifying aspects, identifying causes, setting goals and motivating actions.4.THE MIND example and BRITTLE OBJECT example do not focus on the same aspect of mental experience.5.Defining of a territory, putting a boundary around human instincts, is an act of quantification, we view them as containers with an inside and an outside.6.TUB examples, view the tub as a CONTAINER OBJECT,while the water is a CONTAINER SUBSTANCE.7.The metaphorical concept visual fields are containers.8.Events and actions are conceptualized metaphorically as OBJECTS, activities as SUBSTANCES, states as CONTAINERS.9.the RACE example, we view the race itself as a CONTAINER OBJECT, the start and finish as EVENTS,running as the ACTIVITY. 10.Activities in general are viewed metaphorically as SUBSTANCES and therefore as CONTAINERS. Thus, activities are viewed as containers for the actions and other activities that make them up.Chapter 7 Personification[personification metaphors]1.perhaps the most obvious ontological metaphors.2.personification is not a single unified general process.3.INFLATION example shows that personification is a general category that covers a very wide range of metaphors.Chapter 8 Metonymy[synecdoche; metonymic concept; symbolic metonymy][Metaphor and Metonymy]The distinguishing between Personification and Metonymy:1.Personification does not refer to actual human beings,but Metonymy does.Metaphor and metonymy are different kinds of processes:1.Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and its primary function is understanding.2.Metonymy has primarily a referential function, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another.3.Metonymy is not merely a referential device, it also serves the function of providing understanding.Metaphor and Metonymy share something in common:1.Allow us to focus more specifically on certain aspects of what is being referred to.2.Not just a poetic or rhetorical device.3.not random or arbitrary occurrences,but systematic.4.grounted in our experience.Chapter 9 Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence[Metaphorical Contradiction][Coherence vs. Consistency]1.TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT METAPHOR is the best example of the Metaphorical Contradiction.2.TIME IS STATIONARY AND WE MOVE THROUGH IT exapmle have two subcases of the same metaphor.3.In general, metaphorical concepts are defined not in terms of concrete images, but in therms of more general categories like passing.Chapter 10 Some Further ExamplesSome examples that we called literal expressions structured by metaphorical concepts.回应 2013-04-11 20:52 -
CheninBlanc (crying like nobody's business)
Lexical metaphors and grammatical metaphors!!! Stupid enough to choose this topic!!! I hold a grudge against my dissertation!!!!!! (1回应)2011-03-16 09:47
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ivyvi (行行重行行)
Any adequate theory of the human conceptual system will have to give an account of how concepts are (1) grounded, (2) structured, (3) related to each other, and (4) defined.2017-07-10 16:32
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happy eeyore (Alas!)
-
涵哥吉祥 (嵇与山。瘦江南)
because I'm bigger than you. (intimidation) ... because if you don't, I'll ... (threat) ... because I'm the boss. (authority) ... because you're stupid. (insult) ... because you usually do it wrong. (belittling) ... because I have as much right as you do. (challenging authority) ... because I love you. (evading the issue) ... because if you will ... , I'll . (bargaining) ... because you're so m...2018-04-27 12:24
because I'm bigger than you. (intimidation) ...
because if you don't, I'll ... (threat) ...
because I'm the boss. (authority) ...
because you're stupid. (insult) ...
because you usually do it wrong. (belittling) ...
because I have as much right as you do. (challenging authority) ...
because I love you. (evading the issue) ...
because if you will ... , I'll . (bargaining) ...
because you're so much better at it. (flatten')
回应 2018-04-27 12:24 -
蓬头稚子 (embarrassing)
"The kind of conceptual system we have is a product of the kind of beings we are and the way we interact with our physical and cultural environments." linguistic forms - spatialization metaphors -> content 作者似乎认为metaphorical concepts -> reality,但是不同的culture也会引起不同的文化 (145) "Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception o...2017-08-19 23:18
"The kind of conceptual system we have is a product of the kind of beings we are and the way we interact with our physical and cultural environments."
linguistic forms - spatialization metaphors -> content
作者似乎认为metaphorical concepts -> reality,但是不同的culture也会引起不同的文化 (145)
"Since much of our social reality is understood in metaphorical terms, and since our conception of the physical world is partly metaphorical, metaphor plays a very significant role in determining what is real for us." (146)
conventional metaphors that are part of our conceptual system -> many similarities we have in terms of the categories of our conceptual system and in terms of the natural kinds of experiences we have (147)
先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题:the only kind of similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential, not objective, similarities (154)
structual similarity based on the correlations we feel in life; structual similarity -> metaphorical similarity
"We draw inferences, set goals, make commitments, and execute plans, all on the basis of how we in part structure our experience, consciously and unconsciously, by means of metaphor." (158)
about truth: we believe that the idea that there is absolute objective truth is not only mistaken but socially and politically dangerous. As we have seem, truth is always relative to a conceptual system that is defined in large part by metaphor. (relatively...)
-> Since we see truth as based on understanding and see metaphor as a principal vehicle of understanding, we think that an account of how metaphors can be true will reveal the way in which truth depends upon understanding. (159)
本体隐喻 -> projection!!
"Instead, it is a matter of human projection and human judgment, relative to certain purposes." (167)
关于life is a tale的nonconventional metaphor - highlights our expectation that we can fit our lives into some coherent life story but we r constantly frustrated... the significance of this metaphor - another understanding of life (不只是一本学术书啊……
truth is based on understanding - is because we understand *situations* in terms of our conceptual system that we can understand *statements* using that system of concepts as being true, that is, as fitting or not fitting the situation as we understand it. (179)
Truth is therefore a function of our conceptual system. It is because many of our concepts are metaphorical in nature, and because we understand situations in terms of those concepts, that metaphors can be true or false. (179) metaphors -> conceptual system -> truth
Metaphors are basically devices for understanding and have little to do with objective reality, if there is such a thing. The fact that our conceptual system is inherently metaphorical, the fact that we understand the world, think, and function in metaphorical terms, and the metaphors cannot merely be understood but can be meaningful and true as well - these facts all suggest that an adequate account of meaning and truth can only be based on understanding. (184)
The reason we have focused so much on metaphor is that it unites reason and imagination. (193)
An experientialist approach also allows us to bridge the gap between the objectivist and subjsctivist myths about impartiality and the possibility of being fair and objective... it means only that truth is relative to our conceptual system, which is grounded in, and constantly tested by, our experiences and those of other members of our culture in our daily interaction with other people and with our physical and cultural environments. (193)
(229) 对于科学的态度偷换概念了(认为没有universal truth的原因 > relative to culture, based on understadning, 但是科学并没有这种差别)
We see a single human motivation behind the myths of both objectivism and subjectivism, namely, a concern for *understanding*. (229)
回应 2017-08-19 23:18
在哪儿买这本书 · · · · · ·
这本书的其他版本 · · · · · · ( 全部4 )
- 浙江大学出版社版 2015-4 / 682人读过 / 有售
- 聯經版 2006-3-27 / 76人读过 / 有售
- University Of Chicago Press版 1980-11-1 / 13人读过 / 有售
以下豆列推荐 · · · · · · ( 全部 )
- 写手必备十四书(来自影子写手老爸) (Yii)
- 反洗脑必读!!! (Mr. Money~!)
- 隐喻研究系列 (草叶)
- 隐喻学 (藤原琉璃君)
- 认知语言学理论研究 (奔跑的阿甘)
谁读这本书?
二手市场
订阅关于Metaphors We Live By的评论:
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0 有用 川流 2012-11-20
best academic book of the year:D
6 有用 ꓘat 2013-03-16
虽然作者有点好大喜功后面扯大到挑战西方哲学传统的地步,某些地方还有点偷换概念的嫌疑,但仍不失为几个月来我读过的最有趣的书。感觉会对做machine learning的人有些启发,当然可能人家早就在做类似的事情了。更奇妙的是,同一段时间在读的「地海传奇」系列中设定的巫术真言系统和这本书的理念完全是相反的。
0 有用 Manchild 2015-02-25
至于能不能应用到文学作品应该另当别论,至少理论本身就有不少突破。
0 有用 Fritz 2012-09-02
佳作
0 有用 爆发吧!小波利 2012-12-26
有趣的文字、比喻的起源
0 有用 Élu 2019-02-13
Orientational Metaphors Ontological Metaphors Structural Metaphors The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism Superb!
0 有用 Yanwei 2019-01-27
Erica上课又推荐了这本“隐喻”,四年前大一上学期看完的,一定程度刷新了三观。
0 有用 moseer 2019-01-16
深入浅出
0 有用 Lau Shu Ting 2018-10-04
Remark: Language and Cognition
0 有用 未时 2018-09-23
"imaginative rationality" / "gestalt" / 虽然才九月,已经想说是今年最喜欢的一本书