How to Draw Drawing and Sketching Objects and Environments from Your Imagination

Ellipse anatomy：minor axis is the most important line An ellipse has a minor and a major axis. ************************分割线以下的内容，都是错误的，留着是为了审视自己的错误*********************** *********************************正确的理解，请看笔记73页********************************* Ignore the major axis 当这个椭圆发生透视的时候，竖(长)轴的位置就会跟着透视角度一起偏移，椭圆的原中点也会偏移。 这导致本来的竖轴变短。如果在本来的竖轴位置上画条线，这条线是不会经过偏移后的椭圆中点的。（原位置的竖轴不会经过偏移后的椭圆中点） 而偏移以后的竖轴，也不会经过原来的椭圆中点。 →→→ 竖轴随着透视角度的不同而不同，它是会不断变化的，无法作为透视作图的辅助线。 但横（短） minor axis 轴则一直保持不变，它既能经过原位置的椭圆中点，也能经过偏移后的椭圆中点，并且不管透视角度如何改变，它依然都在原来的位置上。这个特性就使它更适合作为透视画圆的辅助手段。

************************分割线以上的内容，都是错误的，留着是为了审视自己的错误*********************** *********************************正确的理解，请看笔记73页********************************* The minor axis is key

Ellipse degrees

本书有配套app：h2Dr，里面有些视频可以看 # 材料和技巧 起稿的草图需要流动性很好的笔，颜色要淡 直线，椭圆，曲线必须训练成肌肉记忆， 干净的线条很重要！！！ 学习用手肘和肩膀画长线 画慢点，线条必须可重复，可控 如果画的直线是曲线可以试着反方向画曲线平衡 练习徒手画直线： 1. 平行线，长平行线 2. 交叉线，过一点的交叉线 3. 一点透视空间下画盒子 练习椭圆 1. 用整个手臂画 2. 线条少一点，不要画很多圈 3. 不要画的一边圆一边扁，一头尖一头方 4. 画一个梯形及对称线，然后在里面练椭圆

# 透视术语

人有3D视觉是因为有两个眼睛，完全的立体视觉在纸上是不可能实现的，透视画法只是一种cheat

Ground Plane(地平面)

节奏打乱要避免: 工作区 空间清理 保持专注 干净整洁 工具 思路避免被打断（节奏） ..... 点 串线 线叉点 透视点画盒. XYZ坐标系统 要印象深刻一下。高频率 *（每条轴线都朝向一个消失点） 常见消失点组合 75/15 60/30 45/45 30度消失点 <==> 60度视锥正好通过这个消失点。 2点/3点 推荐尽量用 COV:60 5点皆可.. 对称镜像法 ~!！ 小方块（方形）的妙用awo~ p37 Practicing these constructions raises awareness of patterns in the envioroment. 透视辅助线 时刻强调坐标系统 基于参考线的特殊性 尽量要准确 以及要效率的绘制... 1-point-P * more difficult to control the depth of an object in this perspective... 2 -point-P * having the verticals perpendicular to the horizon line in this perspective grid makes drawing much easier.... 3 -point-P * 书中内容有跳跃式联结 --->p62 蛮重要的一页诠释: 3D 透视网格的畸变 虚拟数字世界中的镜头的特性（经线单项发散：比如在上下消失点的判断时 会分析比重 ） weird distortion ,and the only place you 'll ever see this effect is inside digital environments....

*when the entire frame is filled with the environment below the horizon or above it...use a 3-point-P grid.....1/2 point g are really simplifications of perspective drawing...(limitations /distortion problems VS simpler /speed..) 1 16 p49 切分/分割 7度的倍增量.. p51 rotated 2-point grids with same-sized squares. 椭圆 角度观摩 与换透视点组合 p53 use a simple reference point(RP) to scale a figure from the foreground back into the distance. (挺好玩 还有坑里模式和砖上模式） 底点连线交HL于RP1 之后[最高]顶点连RP1 同法可获RP2 *The Brewer Method: (Bill Brewer: one of teachers at accd) 1.19 The Brewer Method 空间网格大杀器。 p58 灵活运用建模工具的范例... 范例作者的网站：-- http://markcastanonportfolio.blogspot.com/ p59 Rustam hasanov : --http://cargocollective.com/rustamhasanov/About-Rustam-Hasanov p61 benefits and ways to use an underlay. JohnPark 底稿复制淡化再起新稿... p66 Draft Views.... Draft views,also called orthogonal views.show an object without perspective. p68 Assembly and Exploded views. ================= Chapter 5 Ellipses and rotations. p71 drawing ellipses helps to generate excellent perspective grids based on perfect squares multiplied in any direction.the ability to place a freehand-sketched ellipse an any minor axis is the primary skill needed before moving into this chapter. *短轴minor axis 长轴 major axis.. 短轴 has another important perspective-drawing feature: always points to the Vanishing Point that is perpendicular to the elipse's surface being sketched .this makes the minor axis like the axle of a wheel. p75 hinging and rotating flaps and doors. 椭圆辅助理解旋转. Hinging and rotating elements are possible once ellipses can be accurately sketched 绘斜面的时候会用到。 之所以1/4 360/4 = 90度 螺旋台阶... 1 21 车轮形5等分 上1/3 下3/4 *第六章之后看来拨云见日....orz

orthographicviews， A.K.A orthogonal views or draft views.. 1 22 p 91 施工平面。 p 92 内圆角（会增加体积） &&外圆角(削减体积） p94 *?略阻力.... blending fillet.... 加重线对形体外轮廓的强调... p100 加重线 强化对比 抓取视觉注意力 “vignette” meaning to describe briefly or fade into the background. 透视 遮挡 距离感 重叠.... p102 飞空艇： Roy santua http:// rsantua.blogspot.com p105 Chapter 7来了！ Drawing Enviroments. 视觉线索: -线性透视 -遮挡 -空气透视

---------->Framed Ink http://book.douban.com/subject/5399602/ -----------> Pictorial composition http://book.douban.com/subject/2539440/ -------------->Composition of outdoorPainting. http://book.douban.com/subject/25885310/ p106 http://www.davidhobbins.com p107 另一个前学生作品。 linear perspective occlusion and atmospheric perspective... thom's perspective grid is unique as well,as not all of the buildings are set at 90angles in a simple grid. instead they are rotated slightly from one another,giving his scene more dynamic angles. http://www.thomlab.com p113 [Thumbnail sketching.] one of the best ways to perceive depth is through atmospheric perspective... p115摩天大楼观景窗例子 地面透视对高度感觉的体现。 视平线/地平线/视点...（*这几部分倒是在透视那本书http://book.douban.com/subject/2815285/里没少讲...) p117对MODO的预提及.. p118 Warp that grid with a wide-angle lens(鱼眼镜） P120 Tickmarks(打稿中小刻度线的使用） 两个小人加入和的高度一致性的保持（检测） 浅马克笔画草图很常用... 同p130. p121 when drawing envir .. always try to be patient becasue many times it's the adding of the repetitive details that brings more realism and interest to your work... Chapter08 Drawing Aircraft...

airplane anatomy.

方向舵(rudder) 升降舵(elevator) 副翼(aileron) 襟翼(flaps) take a lot of photographs in addition to reading about the exhibits... (collaged-in layers) * one of the best ways to learn more about the structure and function of an object is to build a scale model of something like it before sketching an imaginary version. designing and drawing from the imagination is much like building actual models,so this technique works very well to give hands-on knowedge of what to draw and how all the elements work together to form the whole object. p128 * take time drawing the design elements that make a real object look real this will quickly increase your visual library. p130 don't worry about perspective accuracy at this early point ; focus on getting the ideas down on paper... p132 at this early stage is finding a design you like enough that you are willing to put in the effort to draw it again and again,with more precision,from multiple views,and through various camera lense. p133 纸飞机例子的透视网格： 椭圆开局：an acccurately drawn ellipse to generate a square in perspective.

wide-angle lens: faster convergence is needed ; long lens, slower convergence is needed... 接下来用到布鲁尔法了（Brewer Method) [auto-foreshortening methods] *?134 机翼的侧视图(side view) dihedral angle built into the wing.. 平面转换的时候（如无透视的侧视图-->带透视的侧视图） 适当局部延长短线.. p139 画机翼的时候的两种思考 "down -and-out"method......（向下投影法？） 机身下面新作一个面 p141 结合这个例子 再谈 25mm /50mm /100mm lens wideangles.../ 50mm most"natural" we default to when sketching freehand... / longer lens.... 三个例子 the only difference is the perspective convergence... p142 it cast shadow drawn directly under it. the cast shadow is basically the top view of the design and provides the viewer with more informaton about the design . this is a very helpful thing to do... fig.8.65 3/4视图中判断飞机翅膀朝前 阴影起到的必要性。 p146 Final airplane drawing step-by-step... 精准的透视网格的重要 中心线的开始 (the side view of a vehicle is one of the most important views.)-->(一并体现了剪影？）

前期确定正确空间关系很重要。 基本元素 最宽 最窄 *飞机引擎的整流罩（engine cowling) This type of drawing takes patience and is much more like building a model of the plane than quickly drawing its finished form. Also note that this is a working drawing , where much of the form is drawn through to the far side, and line weight and the visual appeal of the drawing are of less importance than making sure the object is properly built in perspective... [正确性/合理精准 重要性的先后次序.] 前翼？canard wing( an elevator located at the nose of a plane instead of at the tail) 翼梢（wing tips) 参考144页的设计草图 绘制时参考点的灵活移动 向外 向下 向上... 连线 镜像法/透视缩短法 （foreshortening) 各自的参考平面与准确性.... [V]型的调整.. p151 又强调了一遍 专注于设计以及构建透视的准确 会让设计更棒而且这比单纯追求好看的线条要更重要 曲线板，也称云形尺 ellipse guides 羽毛刷. sweeps... 完稿后可多补加些切线（为了增进形体表达..) ========================================= Chapter 09 WHEELED VEHICLES this chapter covers visual research , defining a design goal, vehicle packaging /architecture ,loose sketching and finally ,a complex step-by-step construction.

p156 big graphic elements..vs communicate the form of the object. 要优先处理的元素的选择： 豪车吸引注意的部件的举例 we call the organizing of visual elements as a viewer gets closer to an object"proximity-basedstyling" [基于渐进的物体表现方式]or[对比造型法]？ p156 想法列表 必要的和刺激的新idea的融入

以前的形状 你可能喜欢 但对工作要求不一定适合。 目标 美学表现 构造和性能。 Creating a simple design brief like this one can be a great way to focus the imagination .This is "Positive imaging"[积极的发想],the practice of trying to pre-visualize a positive outcome of an event before it happens. 开始之前可以在脑中先遍历过程...（于是就已经开始..) 侧视图的重要性（链上一个飞行器的例子）：大量的信息的提供 Remember ,do not get offtrack and draw what is loved and familiar instead of what is assigned in the design brief.!

p160 hardpoint[硬点]的概念的抛出 H-Point:The Fundamentals of car design and packaging by stuart macey with geoff wardle.has 224pages http://book.douban.com/subject/3783410/

同样是建议要罗列出来 开始阶段 多做功课总是一件好事。 p161的线稿 出自 Start your engine (也是scott的书） http://book.douban.com/subject/2817462/ p163 跨两页的大图 专业的范例的举例 stuart macey 的汽车设计展示样例.(curbindustries.com)

p164 a tried-and -true technique for starting a sketch is to use a very light marker....（已经第三遍出现了..orz) this phase is all about ideas first and technically accurate drawings second.it is also a good time to practice freehand line quality .what matters is what drawn,not how it is drawn. p166边界框（盒）的长宽高(bounding box) 与 车轮... for the wheelbase(轴距）,know that many cars have about 3 wheels' worth of space between the front and rear wheels.. （宽度）width across the car is 2.5 to 3 wheel diameters. a roughly 25-inch or 640mm wheel/tire diameter is common for full-size cars.. 把控好车轮的缩放比例是最好的传达车辆尺寸大小的手段之一。 *Remember： sketching the ellipses is in effect describing suqre bouding boxes... 关于生成：curvilinear lens distortion MODO and other higher-end 3D programs ,this distortion can be added,but not in the more basic ones like sketchup(也不知道现在的版本行不行..) ---拓展讨论：http://forums.cgsociety.org/archive/index.php?t-1152614.html

**p167和p141可以呼应的 100mm 50mm 35mm 22mm对比分析图列.... 而且下一页有更详细的拓展分析. p169 轮 地平线 参考线（高度 前后延长线） 选择一种透视 长镜头/广角 灭点设置(is usually easiest if enough of the ground plane can be seen) 阴影 X对角线 （locate the centerline) just be sure you have all three- Both of the sides and the centerline. 正如上页所探讨的，镜头的选择很大程度上决定了 除侧面外有多少面会这种透视呈现出来。 （这一章到这儿就打住 没继续step-by-step了。 p179 [stylized side view in perspective] 长镜头-车身 广角-远端轮与地面/投影 立体化 混合处理 simply draw the body of the car as if using a long lens. but then show more of the far-side wheels and ground-plane depth as if drawn with a wider-angle lens. this is a hybrid of what a car looks like in perspective and in a true draft view.

Designers use this abstraction or stylization to give sketch a bit of dynamism and depth. when drawing this stylized hybrid of the real perspective of an object,keep in mind that this is not a camera-lens effect; the only way the object will ever be seen like this is in an illustration.. It is important to understand this concept when making the choice to stylize perspective sketches in this way.

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p173 车轮 参考线 前轮和A柱（A-pillar: a structural pillar at the front that defines the sides of the windshield and the front edge of the side window). Getting the overall height right along with the correct angle of the windshield as the view becomes more foreshortened is an important thing to practice before even worrying about the width across the top surfaces. p 174 greenhouse(window and roof). 舷缘内倾..? thumblehome is the angle at which the side windows of a car lean inward at the roof toward the center of the car. p175 屋顶线（黄） 腰腹线（橙）车肩线（红）

character lines...(白车的例子） usually the sportier a car is, the greater the tumblehome its greenhouse has.

先画腰腹线 肩线作切割 留下车轮活动的空间.. 前后轮对比（后轮 轮窝可以稍微低点） suspension悬吊 与 Junce 跑车 轮窝靠近轮胎 越野车 相对 有更大幅度垂直摆动空间。 轮窝开口结构绘制的思路练习....(链---〉 p91 的处理..... -------- 1 25 P178 common automotive lines. 链p89 2-curve combo(双曲组合的例子） these two lines are common to many of today's cars,and even many cars throughout history.. *Pillar hold up the roof of a car and are referred to in order by letters,A,B,C,etc.... with A being the first one at the windshield,B the second and so on...) 对它的处理的改变调整 现代艺术处理手法的反映 sketching modern,real-world styling variations that are unique creations will require practice and developing a sensitivity to the balance and harmony of all of these lines that define the form of the modern car body.. this can be achieved by understanding an d practicing perspective-drawing skills and then,as those improve by drawing more and more complex forms. p179 限制的考虑 以及要考虑的一大堆 还有 终稿前可能会经历的不断修改... as those perspective skills improve,the brain will have more space to think about design rather than perspective constructions , and the initial sketches of the objects being designed will start to look more attractive.. 圆角/焊接可行性... p180 MODO 4.5 1.92 1.23 L:50mm 1:1.618.... 分规/等间距分规 三等分的分别的等分点。 .......车轮椭圆与中轴面的“互动”... p185 关于 改方案：if the goal is to improve your perspective drawing skills to communicate and develop your designs,then using overlays is a very efficient way to quickly create many styling variations.. p186 广角镜头下的练习 a wide-angle camera lens makes the vehicle feel more dramatic by warping the perspective grid .... 曲线网格链（p62) the easiest and most common way to create one of these grids for vehicle sketching is to place the camera lens at the center of the image frame. five vanishing points to think about : left right above below and dead-center... want it to feel more natural?:物体中间放 加背景以增强镜头效果 别乱裁网格 但也有故意的用法（对那些特别的透视效果..) ---关于被裁减 不错的例子：

All of the perspective-drawing constructions are the same, they just use an extremely curvilinear grid... ---------------------------- 终章： Chapter 10 Sketching styles and mediums... here as sketches with perspective drawing and design-thinking woven in . 圆珠笔 笔尖的擦（布料） ....防滴漏..orz p191 再提浅色Copic马克笔浅涂 + 圆珠笔... Graphite pencil...( 石墨铅笔） 容易被擦的模糊 krylon牌固定剂... 彩铅(faber castell polychromos pencils.) 马克笔 酒精ko蜡质 先马克笔再彩铅防堵... HI-TEC PEN(百乐钢珠笔）

水粉、 淡色纸(Toned paper).... Pentel pocket brush pen(酷！） Fin......

-------------------------------------- **之前看那本透视书果然不太够呢.. 这本把那里的不少没涵盖到的点和疑点都扫清了... 下篇<HTR> : http://book.douban.com/annotation/37187344/

Placing ellipses on surfaces 1.THE MINOR AXIS IS ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR TO THE SURFACE ON WHICH THE CIRCLE WILL BE PLACED!!! 画好竖面和与之垂直的短轴后： ① draw a bounding box around 先在竖面里画个框，用来辅助画圆。 ② “estimate” the degree of ellipse 画圆 书中，①和②的步骤的相反的，但是视频里，的确是先②再①。 The side view of the circle on the surface Should it not meet all conditions adjust the degree of the ellipse to become larger or smaller until all conditions are met. 如果不能符合以上所有标准，画出的圆则或大或小。 着重看72视频 另外前面笔记有误，正圆的透视角度发生变化以后，看作：一个单独的椭圆（别考虑透视） + 圆的透视方格子（就是让正圆发生透视变化的透视格子） 这个单独的椭圆的短轴总是能与透视方格子的中点相交（长轴就不能），而且短轴能垂直于圆面（把圆面想象成一个发生了透视变化的正圆的圆面），并且这个单独的椭圆的短轴与HL相交，形成灭点。 透视圆的正确画法需同时满足3条件： 假设短轴朝向左灭点，格子朝向右灭点，则： 1、圆要和格子左垂直线的halfway相切。 2、圆要和格子上下两条线相切，并且，相切的两个切点必须垂直对齐。 3、圆要和闭合垂直线（本例为格子的右垂直线）的halfway相切。