This book revolutionizes how vision can be taught to undergraduate and graduate students in cognitive science, psychology, and optometry. It is the first comprehensive textbook on vision to reflect the integrated computational approach of modern research scientists. This new interdisciplinary approach, called "vision science," integrates psychological, computational, and neuros...
This book revolutionizes how vision can be taught to undergraduate and graduate students in cognitive science, psychology, and optometry. It is the first comprehensive textbook on vision to reflect the integrated computational approach of modern research scientists. This new interdisciplinary approach, called "vision science," integrates psychological, computational, and neuroscientific perspectives.The book covers all major topics related to vision, from early neural processing of image structure in the retina to high-level visual attention, memory, imagery, and awareness. The presentation throughout is theoretically sophisticated yet requires minimal knowledge of mathematics. There is also an extensive glossary, as well as appendices on psychophysical methods, connectionist modeling, and color technology. The book will serve not only as a comprehensive textbook on vision, but also as a valuable reference for researchers in cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience, computer science, optometry, and philosophy.
Central to this new approach is the idea that vision is a kind of computation. In living organisms, it occurs in eyes and brains through complex neural information processing, but it can, at least in theory, also take place when information from video cameras is fed to properly programmed digital computers. This idea has had an important unifying effect on the study of vision, enabling psychologists, computer scientists, and physiologists to relate their findings to each other in the common language of computation. Vision researchers from disparate fields now read and cite each other's work regularly, participate in interdisciplinary conferences, and collaborate on joint research projects. Indeed, the study of vision is rapidly becoming a unified field in which the boundaries between the c... (查看原文)
A stable three-dimensional model frees us from having to reperceive everything from scratch as we move about in the world.
A perceptual model of the three-dimensional environment does not need to be modified much as we move around because the only thing that changes is our viewpoint relative to a largely stable landscape of objects and surfaces. In fact, the only time the model needs major modification is when model-based expectations are disconfirmed as unexpected surfaces come into view. Everyday experience tells us that this does not happen nearly as often as confirmation of our expectations. Thus, although constructing a three-dimensional model of the environment may initially seem like a poor evolutionary strategy, its short-term costs appear to be outweighed by its long-term benefit... (查看原文)
1. Fechner's Law The scale is inferred indirectly from discrimination responses. 2. Stevens's Law Magnitude estimation, subjects assign numbers to their eperiences of stimuli. 感觉Jose、火石和我合作的paper的结果其实就是这个，只不过是memory。
2019-07-03 03:20
1. Fechner's Law
The scale is inferred indirectly from discrimination responses.
S = k*log(I)
2. Stevens's Law
Magnitude estimation, subjects assign numbers to their eperiences of stimuli.
1. Activation Thresholds Consciousness is just a matter of having enough of the crucial property, and any neural activity that meets this criterion will be conscious. This suggests that all neural activity may be slightly conscious, with clear and coherent states of consciousness arising only when enough of that kind of activity is present for a long enough period of time. At least 2 kinds of a...
2019-07-03 02:10
1. Activation Thresholds
Consciousness is just a matter of having enough of the crucial property, and any neural activity that meets this criterion will be conscious. This suggests that all neural activity may be slightly conscious, with clear and coherent states of consciousness arising only when enough of that kind of activity is present for a long enough period of time. 引自 Biological Theories of Consciousness
At least 2 kinds of activation thresholds:
Amount: the firing rates must be above some minimum level. An absolute threshold seems rather unlikely, because many neurons havew about the same maximal rate of firing, and many neurons can be firing at their maximal rate. More likely that a conscious threshold for neural activity would be defined relative to the background level of firing by other neurons. One kind of formulation of a relative threshold rule is in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio.
Duration
2. The Cortical Hypothesis
The neural basis of consciousness arises from activity in the cortex. Makes sense if believe consciousness is most highly devoloped in humans whose brain has enormous development of cortex, relative to other animals.
3. The Crick/Koch Conjectures
1) The lower layers conjecture: Crick & Koch suggest the cells that most plausibly giving rise to visual awarness are those in the lower layers of visual cortex, particularly layer 5 and 6.
2) The 40 Hz conjecture. Within the lower cortical layers, Crick & Koch suggest that the signature of consciousness is neural firing at ~40 Hz, or within a range of ~35-75 Hz.
3) The frontal lobes conjecture.
4. Causal Theories of Consciousness: An Analogy
Our present knowledge of consciousness is best thought of as being pre-Mendelian.引自 Biological Theories of Consciousness
What sort of information processing subsystems might be identified with consciousness? 1. The STM Hypothesis: consciousness seems to be most naturally identified with short-term memory (STM) because the most recent item in STM is almost invariably the one most centrally represented in a person's current experience. 2. An Activation-Based Coception of STM/Display-board Model Information in STM i...
2019-07-02 04:03
What sort of information processing subsystems might be identified with consciousness?
1. The STM Hypothesis: consciousness seems to be most naturally identified with short-term memory (STM) because the most recent item in STM is almost invariably the one most centrally represented in a person's current experience.
2. An Activation-Based Coception of STM/Display-board Model
Information in STM is conceived not as a separate processing structure (or box), but as a state of activation. Information in LTM becomes activated when it is accessed either externally or internally through spreading activation within neural networks. If that activation exceeds a certain threshold, the information is, by definiation in STM.
This view suggests that there are three qualitatively different states for information:
1. Conscious: items in STM that are the most highly activated ones at a given moment, probably limited to the single most active item.
2. Inactive: itmes in LTM that have not been accessed recently and therefore are essentially unactivated.
3. Activated: itmes in LTM that have been recently accessed and are therefore activated to some degree.
3a. Previously conscious: items that were recently conscious but have decayed to a level insufficient for current focal awareness.
3b. Primed: items that have been recently activated but not sufficiently to have reached awareness.
A stable three-dimensional model frees us from having to reperceive everything from scratch as we move about in the world. A perceptual model of the three-dimensional environment does not need to be modified much as we move around because the only thing that changes is our viewpoint relative to a largely stable landscape of objects and surfaces. In fact, the only time the model needs major modi...
2019-01-09 10:33
A stable three-dimensional model frees us from having to reperceive everything from scratch as we move about in the world.
A perceptual model of the three-dimensional environment does not need to be modified much as we move around because the only thing that changes is our viewpoint relative to a largely stable landscape of objects and surfaces. In fact, the only time the model needs major modification is when model-based expectations are disconfirmed as unexpected surfaces come into view. Everyday experience tells us that this does not happen nearly as often as confirmation of our expectations. Thus, although constructing a three-dimensional model of the environment may initially seem like a poor evolutionary strategy, its short-term costs appear to be outweighed by its long-term benefits. It takes more time and effort to construct the complete model initially, but once it is done, it requires far less time and effort to maintain it. In the final analysis, the completed model is a remarkably economical solution to the problem of how to achieve stable and accurate knowledge of the environment.引自 An Introduction to Vision Science
Central to this new approach is the idea that vision is a kind of computation. In living organisms, it occurs in eyes and brains through complex neural information processing, but it can, at least in theory, also take place when information from video cameras is fed to properly programmed digital computers. This idea has had an important unifying effect on the study of vision, enabling psycholo...
2019-01-09 05:05
Central to this new approach is the idea that vision is a kind of computation. In living organisms, it occurs in eyes and brains through complex neural information processing, but it can, at least in theory, also take place when information from video cameras is fed to properly programmed digital computers. This idea has had an important unifying effect on the study of vision, enabling psychologists, computer scientists, and physiologists to relate their findings to each other in the common language of computation. Vision researchers from disparate fields now read and cite each other's work regularly, participate in interdisciplinary conferences, and collaborate on joint research projects. Indeed, the study of vision is rapidly becoming a unified field in which the boundaries between the component disciplines have become largely transparent. 引自 Preface
确实是这样 We will examine many theories in the course of this book. All of them have one thing in common: They will ultimately be proved inadequate. The reason is simple: For any given domain, there is but one "correct" theory. The idea of studying incomplete and imperfect theories upsets many students, who are understandably impatient with their deficiencies. But discovering that theories are...
2019-01-11 04:44
确实是这样
We will examine many theories in the course of this book. All of them have one thing in common: They will ultimately be proved inadequate. The reason is simple: For any given domain, there is but one "correct" theory. The idea of studying incomplete and imperfect theories upsets many students, who are understandably impatient with their deficiencies. But discovering that theories are wrong and trying to improve them is an essential component of the scientific enterprise. Even incorrect theories often contain important elements of truth or lead to new and illuminating ways of thinking. Because one cannot understand any scientific enterprise properly without learning about its theories as well as its facts, the present chapter will be devoted to a discussion of visual theory and its historical development.引自 Theoretical Approaches to Vision
1. Fechner's Law The scale is inferred indirectly from discrimination responses. 2. Stevens's Law Magnitude estimation, subjects assign numbers to their eperiences of stimuli. 感觉Jose、火石和我合作的paper的结果其实就是这个，只不过是memory。
2019-07-03 03:20
1. Fechner's Law
The scale is inferred indirectly from discrimination responses.
S = k*log(I)
2. Stevens's Law
Magnitude estimation, subjects assign numbers to their eperiences of stimuli.
1. Activation Thresholds Consciousness is just a matter of having enough of the crucial property, and any neural activity that meets this criterion will be conscious. This suggests that all neural activity may be slightly conscious, with clear and coherent states of consciousness arising only when enough of that kind of activity is present for a long enough period of time. At least 2 kinds of a...
2019-07-03 02:10
1. Activation Thresholds
Consciousness is just a matter of having enough of the crucial property, and any neural activity that meets this criterion will be conscious. This suggests that all neural activity may be slightly conscious, with clear and coherent states of consciousness arising only when enough of that kind of activity is present for a long enough period of time. 引自 Biological Theories of Consciousness
At least 2 kinds of activation thresholds:
Amount: the firing rates must be above some minimum level. An absolute threshold seems rather unlikely, because many neurons havew about the same maximal rate of firing, and many neurons can be firing at their maximal rate. More likely that a conscious threshold for neural activity would be defined relative to the background level of firing by other neurons. One kind of formulation of a relative threshold rule is in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio.
Duration
2. The Cortical Hypothesis
The neural basis of consciousness arises from activity in the cortex. Makes sense if believe consciousness is most highly devoloped in humans whose brain has enormous development of cortex, relative to other animals.
3. The Crick/Koch Conjectures
1) The lower layers conjecture: Crick & Koch suggest the cells that most plausibly giving rise to visual awarness are those in the lower layers of visual cortex, particularly layer 5 and 6.
2) The 40 Hz conjecture. Within the lower cortical layers, Crick & Koch suggest that the signature of consciousness is neural firing at ~40 Hz, or within a range of ~35-75 Hz.
3) The frontal lobes conjecture.
4. Causal Theories of Consciousness: An Analogy
Our present knowledge of consciousness is best thought of as being pre-Mendelian.引自 Biological Theories of Consciousness
What sort of information processing subsystems might be identified with consciousness? 1. The STM Hypothesis: consciousness seems to be most naturally identified with short-term memory (STM) because the most recent item in STM is almost invariably the one most centrally represented in a person's current experience. 2. An Activation-Based Coception of STM/Display-board Model Information in STM i...
2019-07-02 04:03
What sort of information processing subsystems might be identified with consciousness?
1. The STM Hypothesis: consciousness seems to be most naturally identified with short-term memory (STM) because the most recent item in STM is almost invariably the one most centrally represented in a person's current experience.
2. An Activation-Based Coception of STM/Display-board Model
Information in STM is conceived not as a separate processing structure (or box), but as a state of activation. Information in LTM becomes activated when it is accessed either externally or internally through spreading activation within neural networks. If that activation exceeds a certain threshold, the information is, by definiation in STM.
This view suggests that there are three qualitatively different states for information:
1. Conscious: items in STM that are the most highly activated ones at a given moment, probably limited to the single most active item.
2. Inactive: itmes in LTM that have not been accessed recently and therefore are essentially unactivated.
3. Activated: itmes in LTM that have been recently accessed and are therefore activated to some degree.
3a. Previously conscious: items that were recently conscious but have decayed to a level insufficient for current focal awareness.
3b. Primed: items that have been recently activated but not sufficiently to have reached awareness.
0 有用 【盗号s全家】 2012-02-14
这次停在了第9章，以后慢慢看吧。
0 有用 phoebe毛团儿 2015-08-02
浏览 以备查
0 有用 Lostcause 2009-08-26
极好.
0 有用 你又在摸鱼了 2019-07-03
非常清晰和系统的介绍，如果能出更新版就好了。
0 有用 神经咩 2013-03-18
通俗易懂，李武老师推荐。
0 有用 你又在摸鱼了 2019-07-03
非常清晰和系统的介绍，如果能出更新版就好了。
0 有用 Crissty 2019-03-13
工具书的集大成者。
0 有用 飞机 2019-01-14
one of the best textbook for vision science.
0 有用 phoebe毛团儿 2015-08-02
浏览 以备查
0 有用 神经咩 2013-03-18
通俗易懂，李武老师推荐。