Solar System Maps

In recent years, there has been increased interest in our Solar System. This has been prompted by the launching of giant orbiting telescopes and space probes, the discovery of new planetary moons and heavenly bodies that orbit the Sun, and the demotion of Pluto as a planet. In one generation, our place in the heavens has been challenged, but this is not unusual. Throughout hist...

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In recent years, there has been increased interest in our Solar System. This has been prompted by the launching of giant orbiting telescopes and space probes, the discovery of new planetary moons and heavenly bodies that orbit the Sun, and the demotion of Pluto as a planet. In one generation, our place in the heavens has been challenged, but this is not unusual. Throughout history, there have been a number of such world views. Initially, Earth was seen as the center of the universe and surrounded by orbiting planets and stars. Then the Sun became the center of the cosmos. Finally, there was no center, just a vast array of galaxies with individual stars, some with their own retinue of planets. This allowed our Solar System to be differentiated from deep-sky objects, but it didn’t lose its mystery as more and more remarkable bodies were discovered within its boundaries.

This book tells the exciting story of how we have conceptualized and mapped our Solar System from antiquity to modern times. In addition to the complete text, this story is made more vivid by:

• 162 Solar System and planetary maps, diagrams, and images (over a third in color);

• direct quotes and figures from antiquarian, contemporary, and Space Age documents and photographs that allow the reader to track how humans have viewed the Solar System from original sources;

• nine tables that compare the various world views, relative planetary positions, and components of the Solar System with each other.

Broad in scope and rich in imagery, this book will draw the reader into the story of our Solar System and how it has been mapped since the beginning of recorded time.

Dr. Nick Kanas is an Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at University of California, San Francisco. He has been collecting antiquarian star maps for over 30 years. He is a member of several map collector societies and has lectured on the history of celestial cartography at scientific and non-scientific meetings of organizations such as the Adler Planetarium, the Lick Observatory,...

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Dr. Nick Kanas is an Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at University of California, San Francisco. He has been collecting antiquarian star maps for over 30 years. He is a member of several map collector societies and has lectured on the history of celestial cartography at scientific and non-scientific meetings of organizations such as the Adler Planetarium, the Lick Observatory, and the Sydney (Australia) Observatory, and annual meetings of the International Conference on the History of Cartography, the Society for the History of Astronomy, the Flamsteed Astronomical Society in Greenwich, U.K. and the California Map Society. He has written articles on this subject for a number of journals and magazines including 'Sky & Telescope' and the 'Journal of the International Map Collector's Society.'

Nick is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (London). The first edition of his title 'Star Maps' (Springer, 2007) was well-reviewed and went through two printings. He continues to write and lecture on antiquarian star maps for various groups, including professional conferences and meetings of amateur astronomers and map collectors.

Foreword .......................................................................................................................... xi
Preface ............................................................................................................................ xiii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ xvii
List of figures ................................................................................................................. xix
List of tables................................................................................................................ xxvii
1 World Views and tbe Solar System .......................................................................... 1
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Foreword .......................................................................................................................... xi
Preface ............................................................................................................................ xiii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ xvii
List of figures ................................................................................................................. xix
List of tables................................................................................................................ xxvii
1 World Views and tbe Solar System .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Paradigm Shifts and World Views .................................................................. 2
12 Circles in the Sky ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.1 Projections of the Earth's Circles ................................................... 4
1.2.2 The Armillary Sphere ..................................................................... 7
1.3 Cosmos and Solar System: The Geocentric Spheres ...................................... 8
1.4 The View from Mars ..................................................................................... 14
2 Eartb-Centered World Views in Classical Europe ............................................... 15
2.1 Greek World Views ....................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Early Greek Philosophers ............................................................. 15
2.1.2 Pythagoras and His Followers ...................................................... 17
2.1.3 Plato ............................................................................................... 18
2.1.4 Eudoxus ........................................................................................ 19
2.1.5 Aristotle ........................................................................................ 20
2.1.6 Eratosthenes and the Alexandria Library ...................................... 21
2.1.7 The Eccentric Model .................................................................... 21
2.1.8 Apollonius and the Epicycle Model ............................................. 22
2.1.9 Hipparchus .................................................................................... 26
2.1.10 The Stoics ..................................................................................... 27
2.1.11 Claudius Ptolemy .......................................................................... 27
22 The Greek Constellations ............................................................................. 30
viii Contents
2.3 Roman World Views ..................................................................................... 37
2.3.1 Pliny the Elder .............................................................................. 37
2.32 Neopiatonists ................................................................................ 37
3 Non.European World Views .................................................................................. 39
3.1 Prehistoric Man and Megalithic Britain ....................................................... 40
3.2 Sub·SaharaAfrica ......................................................................................... 43
3.3 Egypt ............................................................................................................. 46
3.4 Mesopotamia ................................................................................................ 50
3.5 India .............................................................................................................. 53
3.6 China ............................................................................................................. 58
3.7 AustraIia and Polynesia ................................................................................ 63
3.8 The Americas ................................................................................................ 66
4 Earth·Centered World Views in the Middle Ages and Renaissance ................... 75
4.1 The Fall of Rome and the early middle ages in Europe ............................... 75
4.2 Islamic World Views ..................................................................................... 76
4.3 Byzantine World View .................................................................................. 80
4.4 Classical Greek Astronomy returns to Europe ............................................. 82
4.4.1 Entry in the West from the Muslims ............................................. 82
4.42 Iohannes de Sacrobosco ............................................................... 83
4.4.3 Entry in the East from the Byzantines .......................................... 85
4.5 Contributions from Central Europe .............................................................. 86
4.5.1 Georg Peurbach ............................................................................ 86
4.5.2 Regiomontanus ............................................................................. 86
4.5.3 Hartmann Schedel... ...................................................................... 87
4.5.4 Peter Apian ................................................................................... 89
5 Snn·Centered and Hybrid World Views ............................................................... 93
5.1 Paradigm Shift: Heliocentrism with Circular Orbits .................................... 93
5.1.1 The Pre·Copernicans .................................................................... 93
5.1.2 Nicholas COperoicus ..................................................................... 94
5.2 Persistence of the Geocentric World View: Ioseph Moxon .......................... 97
5.3 Geoheliocentric Hybrids ............................................................................. 100
5.3.1 Martianus Capella ....................................................................... 100
5.3.2 Tycho Brahe ................................................................................ 100
5.3.3 Giovanni Battista Riccioli .......................................................... 103
5.4 Early Supporters of the Copernican System: Thomas Hood ...................... 104
5.5 Paradigm Shift: The Elliptical Orbits of Iohannes Kepler ......................... 105
5.5.1 Kepler's Early Contributions ...................................................... 105
5.5.2 Elliptical Orbits and Later Work ................................................. 107
5.5.3 Somnium, Science Fiction, and Life on the Moon ...................... 108
5.6 Paradigm Shift: The Telescope and Galileo ............................................... 110
5.6.1 Whither the Spyglass? ................................................................ 110
5.6.2 Galileo Galilei: A Brief Biography ............................................. 112
Contents ix
5.7 World View Comparisons ........................................................................... 113
6 No Center: An Unbounded Universe and the Plurality of Worlds ................... 117
6.1 Open Spaces and Many Planets .................................................................. 117
6.1.1 Thomas Digges ........................................................................... 117
6.1.2 Giordano Brooo .......................................................................... 120
6.1.3 Rene Descartes ........................................................................... 122
6.1.4 Christiaan Huygens ..................................................................... 122
6.1.5 Newton ........................................................................................ 125
6.1.6 Plurality of Worlds after Newton ................................................ 126
62 Paradigm Shift: The New Universe ............................................................ 128
6.2.1 Advances in Telescope Tecbnology ............................................ 128
6.2.2 Emergence of Astrophotography ................................................ 130
6.2.3 The Classification of Deep-Sky Objects ..................................... 131
6.2.4 Deep-Sky Objects From Galileo's Time to 1900 ........................ 135
6.2.5 Deep-Sky Objects and the 20th Century .................................... 138
7 Our Expanding Solar System: Planets and Moons ............................................ 141
7.1 Galileo's Telescopes and Sidereus Nuncius ................................................ 142
7 2 Moon ........................................................................................................... 143
7.2.1 Naked-Eye Observations ............................................................ 143
7.2.2 Galileo ........................................................................................ 143
7.2.3 Thomas Harriot ........................................................................... 144
7.2.4 The Need for an Accurate Lunar Map ........................................ 146
7.2.5 Johannes Hevelius and the First Lunar Atlas .............................. 147
7.2.6 Riccioli and the Double Moon Dilemma .................................... 151
7.2.7 Later Developments in Lunar Cartography ................................ 151
7.3 Sun .............................................................................................................. 159
7.4 Mercury ...................................................................................................... 161
7.5 Venus .......................................................................................................... 164
7.6 Mars ............................................................................................................ 166
7.6.1 Planetary Body ........................................................................... 166
7.6.2 Giovanni Schiaparelli and the Canals of Mars ........................... 169
7.6.3 Percival Lowell and Life on Mars .............................................. 173
7.6.4 The Canals Debunked ................................................................. 176
7.6.5 Moons of Mars ............................................................................ 179
7.7 Jupiter ......................................................................................................... 179
7.7.1 Planetary Body ........................................................................... 179
7.7.2 Moons of Jupiter ......................................................................... 180
7.8 Saturn .......................................................................................................... 184
7.8.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 184
7.8.2 Moons of Saturn ......................................................................... 187
7.9 Uranus ......................................................................................................... 189
7.9.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 189
7.9.2 Moons ofUranus ........................................................................ 191
x Contents
7.10 Neptune ....................................................................................................... 191
7.10.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 191
7.102 Moons of Neptune ...................................................................... 191
8 Onr Expanding Solar System: Pluto, Asteroids, and the Far Reaches ............ 193
8.1 Pluto and the Search for Planet X ............................................................... 193
8.1.1 Planetary Body ........................................................................... 193
8.12 Charon ........................................................................................ 195
8.2 Vulcan: The Planet of Romance ................................................................. 195
8.3 Asteroids ..................................................................................................... 196
8.4 Comets ........................................................................................................ 199
8.4.1 Stansilaw Lubieniecki's Theatrum Cometicum .......................... 202
8.42 Edmond Halley's Comet... .......................................................... 202
8.4.3 Charles Messier's Catalog .......................................................... 206
8.4.4 Origin of Comets ........................................................................ 208
8.5 Oort Cloud .................................................................................................. 208
8.6 Gerard Kuiper and the Kuiper Belt ............................................................ 209
8.7 Paradigm Shift: Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) ............................................ 212
8.7.1 Objects Still within the Kuiper Belt ........................................... 212
8.7.2 Scattered Disk Objects ................................................................ 214
8.7.3 Centaurs ...................................................................................... 216
8.8 Pluto's Fall from Grace and the Rise of Dwarf Planets .............................. 216
8.9 The Meteor Family ..................................................................................... 217
8.10 Transits and Occultations ........................................................................... 218
8.11 Eclipses ....................................................................................................... 224
8.12 Paradigm Shift: Exoplanets ........................................................................ 227
9 Popularizing the Solar System in the Early United States ................................ 231
9.1 Astronomy in Colonial and Early America ................................................ 231
9.2 Almanacs ..................................................................................................... 232
9.3 Astronomy Books for Students .................................................................. 234
9.4 Astronomy Books for Adults ...................................................................... 235
9.5 General Geography Books ......................................................................... 241
9.6 Early American Maps of the Solar System ................................................. 241
9.7 OM. Mitchel .............................................................................................. 243
9.8 The Growth of Observational Astronomy in the United States .................. 246
10 Space Age Images of the Solar System ................................................................ 247
10.1 Today's Solar System: An Overview .......................................................... 247
10.2 Moon ........................................................................................................... 252
10.3 Sun .............................................................................................................. 255
10.4 Mercury ...................................................................................................... 257
10.5 Venus .......................................................................................................... 259
10.6 Mars ............................................................................................................ 263
10.6.1 Planetary Body ........................................................................... 263
Contents xi
10.6.2 Life on Mars ............................................................................... 269
10.6.3 Moons of Mars ............................................................................ 269
10.7 Jupiter ......................................................................................................... 270
10.7.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 270
10.7.2 Moons of Jupiter ......................................................................... 274
10.8 Saturn .......................................................................................................... 278
10.8.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 278
10.8.2 Moons of Saturn ......................................................................... 279
10.9 Uranus ......................................................................................................... 284
10.9.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 284
10.9.2 Moons ofUranus ........................................................................ 285
10.10 Neptune ...................................................................................................... 286
10.10.1 Planetary Body and Ring System ............................................... 286
10.10.2 Moons of Neptune ...................................................................... 288
10.11 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt ........................................................................... 289
10.11.1 Planetary Body ........................................................................... 289
10.11.2 Moons of Pluto ........................................................................... 290
10.11.3 KuiperBelt ................................................................................. 291
10.12 Asteroids ..................................................................................................... 291
10.13 Comets ........................................................................................................ 291
Notes ............................................................................................................................... 295
Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 311
Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 321
Index ............................................................................................................................... 325
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