Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences—and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images...
Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences—and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images.
From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences—from anatomy to crystallography—are those featured in scientific atlases, the compendia that teach practitioners what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology.
As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity—or truth-to-nature or trained judgment—is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to anyone interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity—and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.
Lorraine Daston is Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, Germany. She is the coauthor of Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750 and the editor of Things That Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science (both Zone Books).
Peter Galison is Pellegrino University Professor of the History of Science and of Physics at Harvard University. He is t...
Lorraine Daston is Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, Germany. She is the coauthor of Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750 and the editor of Things That Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science (both Zone Books).
Peter Galison is Pellegrino University Professor of the History of Science and of Physics at Harvard University. He is the author of Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time, How Experiments End, and Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics, among other books, and coeditor (with Emily Thompson) of The Architecture of Science (MIT Press, 1999).
目录
· · · · · ·
Preface 9
Prologue: Objectivity Shock 11
Ⅰ EPISTEMOLOGOIES OF THE EYE 17
Blind Sight 17
Collective Empiricism 19
Objectivity Is New 27
· · · · · ·
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Preface 9
Prologue: Objectivity Shock 11
Ⅰ EPISTEMOLOGOIES OF THE EYE 17
Blind Sight 17
Collective Empiricism 19
Objectivity Is New 27
Histories of the Scientific Self 35
Epistemic Virtues 39
The Argument 42
Objectivity in Shirtsleeves 51
Ⅱ TRUTH-TO-NATURE 55
Before Objectivity 55
Taming Nature's Variability 63
The Idea in the Observation 69
Four-Eyed Sight 84
Drawing from Nature 98
Truth-to-Nature after Objectivity 105
Ⅲ MECHANICAL OBJECTIVITY 115
Seeing Clear 115
Photography as Science and Art 125
Automatic Images and Blind Sight 138
Drawing Against Photography 161
Self-Surveillance 174
Ethics of Objectivity 183
Ⅳ THE SCIENTIFIC SELF 191
Why Objectivity? 191
The Scientific Subject 198
Kant Among the Scientists 205
Scientific Personas 216
Observation and Attention 234
Knower and Knowledge 246
Ⅴ STRUCTURAL OBJECTIVITY 253
Objectivity Without Images 253
The Objective Science of Mind 262
The Real, the Objective, and the Communicable 265
The Color of Subjectivity 273
What Even a God Could Not Say 283
Dreams of a Neutral Language 289
The Cosmic Community 297
Ⅵ TRAINED JUDGEMENT 309
The Uneasiness of Mechanical Reproduction 309
Accuracy Should Not Be Sacrificed to Objectivity 321
The Art of Judgment 346
Practices and the Scientific Self 357
Ⅶ REPRESENTATION TO PRESENTATION 363
Seeing Is Being: Truth, Objectivity, andJudgment 363
Seeing Is Making: Nanofacture 382
Right Depiction 412
Acknowledgments 417
Notes 419
Index 483
· · · · · · (收起)
In contrast to the static tableaux of paradigms and epistemes, this is a history of dynamic fields, in which newly introduced bodies reconfigure and reshape those already present, and vice versa. The reactive logic of this sequence is productive. (查看原文)
You can play an eighteenth-century clavichord at any time after the instrument’s revival around 1900 —but you cannot hear it after two intervening centuries of the pianoforte in the way it was heard in 1700. Sequence weaves history into the warp and woof of the present: not just as a past process reaching its present state of rest —how things came to be as they are —but also as the source of tensions that keep the present in motion. (查看原文)
Chapter 1 Epistemology of the Eye Blind Sight 科学的客观性有其历史。客观性并不总是科学的定义。客观性也不等同于真理或确定性，它比这两者都年轻。客观性保留了那些本来会以真理的名义被抹去的人工制品或变异；它不惜过滤掉破坏确定性的噪音。客观就是追求不带任何认知者...
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洛兰·达斯顿 作者
kairos
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒌𝒆𝒊𝒕
赎罪羊
章鱼哥
7 有用 C 2018-03-10 15:22:28
逻辑清晰、材料丰富、文笔流畅，各个方面都让人感觉望尘莫及。这种宏大视角不仅考验作者对于方法论和写作结构的把握，也需要大量的人力物力。据说Daston和Galison当时招了n多个RA跑遍欧洲给他们找材料，宏大史观的叙述需要同样宏大的资金支持。
1 有用 Repitesu 2025-04-12 13:27:32 北京
绝佳作品，这是一种理想的历史研究。在历史化客观性后，它成为了一种认识论美德（epistemic virtue），在康德之后，认识论和伦理学就此交织。科学不断解决自己在不同时代的焦虑和恐惧；客观性的历史经历了truth-to-nature, mechanical objectivity, (structural objectivity), trained judgement的不同美德阶段，他们彼此纠... 绝佳作品，这是一种理想的历史研究。在历史化客观性后，它成为了一种认识论美德（epistemic virtue），在康德之后，认识论和伦理学就此交织。科学不断解决自己在不同时代的焦虑和恐惧；客观性的历史经历了truth-to-nature, mechanical objectivity, (structural objectivity), trained judgement的不同美德阶段，他们彼此纠缠而难以完全区分的历史，同时也是科学自我不断变化的历史。图像（atlas）成为连接客观性和科学实践的纽带。进入21世纪后，客观性遇到了新的敌人：从前人们关心是否刻画出了the real right，而随着科学与工程的杂交，我们现在即将关心的是是否make the right real。 (展开)
1 有用 fff勒内 2025-03-05 15:39:33 瑞典
首尾。knowledge preconditions knower/scientific self-artistic self，用二元讲objectivity的institutionalization和Foucauldian genealogy/self-technology，结构清晰而且选材（atlas image）巧妙，因此不显得空泛反而具体。两点疑问：反线性（连续或断裂）史观最终仍然呈现出p... 首尾。knowledge preconditions knower/scientific self-artistic self，用二元讲objectivity的institutionalization和Foucauldian genealogy/self-technology，结构清晰而且选材（atlas image）巧妙，因此不显得空泛反而具体。两点疑问：反线性（连续或断裂）史观最终仍然呈现出paradigm shift的根本样貌；另外是否处理了每种medium自身内部的复杂性？友邻有提到Crary/Geimer，两者都提供了一种更具象的、更messy却也更可信的梳理路径：媒介与话语体系处于何种关系之中？如何关切interface/interstice？大刀阔斧是否必然牺牲幽微复杂？ (展开)
0 有用 🍅 2023-08-04 16:26:36 四川
对我来说，在原先的论文中没怎么提及的第五章和第七章的内容反倒最有趣
3 有用 曳尾.avi 2020-01-25 05:44:53
结构清晰，逻辑通顺，文风简洁。太好看了。从atlas image入手研究认识型，可以说是给研究找到了一个丰富、恰当又便于理解的anchor，truth-to-nature, mechanic objectivity and trained judgment的三种再现模型的论述极其精彩。其理论基础明显由Foucault、Crary和Haraway发展而来，但是比以上三人都…简洁清晰通顺。