Rational does not
mean, here, a kind of thinking that denies emotions and desires: It means, the kind
of thinking we would all want to do, if we were aware of our own best interests, in
order to achieve our goals.
A decision is a choice of action — of what to do or not do. Decisions are made
to achieve goals, and they are based on beliefs about what actions will achieve the
goals.
Decisions depend on beliefs and goals, but we can think about beliefs and goals
separately, without even knowing what decisions they will affect. When we think
about belief, we think to decide how strongly to believe something, or which of
several competing beliefs is true. When we believe a proposition, we tend to act as
if it were true.
When we decide on a personal goal, we make a decision that affects future d... (查看原文)
In sum, learning without understanding was
characterized either by lack of transfer of the principle to cases where it applied or
by inappropriate transfer to cases where it did not apply.
Understanding, Perkins states, involves knowing three things: (1) the
structure of what we want to understand; (2) the purpose of the structure; and (3) the
arguments about why the structure serves the purpose. (查看原文)
