SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

This book provides a basic but complete coverage of the management of complex technical projects and, in particular, of the discipline known as systems engineering through which that management is conducted. We offer a framework encapsulating the entire systems engineering discipline, clearly showing where the multitude of systems engineering activities fits within the overall ...

(展开全部)

This book provides a basic but complete coverage of the management of complex technical projects and, in particular, of the discipline known as systems engineering through which that management is conducted. We offer a framework encapsulating the entire systems engineering discipline, clearly showing where the multitude of systems engineering activities fits within the overall effort. The framework provides an ideal vehicle for understanding the complex discipline of systems engineering.

We take a top-down approach that introduces the philosophical aspects of the discipline and provides a framework within which the reader can assimilate the associated activities. Without such a reference, the practitioner is left to ponder the plethora of terms, standards and practices that have been developed independently and often lack cohesion, particularly in nomenclature and emphasis. The field of systems engineering is often viewed as dry, detailed, complicated, acronym-intensive and uninteresting. Yet, the discipline holds the solution to delivering complex systems on time and within budget, and avoiding many of the failures of the past. The intention of this book is both to cover all aspects of the discipline and to provide a framework for the consideration of the many issues associated with engineering complex systems.

Our secondary purpose is to describe a complex field in a simple, easily digested manner that is accessible to a wide spectrum of readers, from students to professionals, from novices to experienced practitioners. It is directed at a wide audience and aims to be a valuable reference for all professions associated with the management of complex technical projects: project managers, systems engineers, quality assurance representatives, integrated logistic support practitioners, maintainers, and so on.

In line with the top-down approach of systems engineering, we focus in this book on the early stages of the system life cycle since the activities in these stages have the greatest impact on the successful acquisition and fielding of a system. In the interests of balance, however, we use the systems engineering framework to provide an overview of all other aspects related to systems engineering.

1INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING1
1.1What is a System?2
1.1.1Definition of a System2
1.1.2Types of Systems3
1.1.3A System and its Environment4
1.1.4A System as a Product5
· · · · · · (更多)

1INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING1
1.1What is a System?2
1.1.1Definition of a System2
1.1.2Types of Systems3
1.1.3A System and its Environment4
1.1.4A System as a Product5
1.1.5A System as a Capability—A Capability System6
1.1.6Logical and Physical Descriptions of a System7
1.1.7Hierarchical Descriptions of a System9
1.1.8System-of-Systems (SoS)11
1.1.9Problem Domain and Solution Domain12
1.2System Life Cycle12
1.2.1Parties Involved14
1.3Acquisition and Utilization Phases15
1.3.1Acquisition Phase16
1.3.2Utilization Phase and Retirement Phase19
1.4Systems Engineering and Development Approaches19
1.5What is Systems Engineering?20
1.5.1Top-Down Approach20
1.5.2Requirements Engineering23
1.5.3Focus on Life Cycle24
1.5.4System Optimization and Balance25
1.5.5Integration of Disciplines and Specializations25
1.5.6Management26
1.6Systems Engineering Relevance26
1.7Systems Engineering Benefits27
1.8Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation30
1.8.1Analysis30
1.8.2Synthesis31
1.8.3Evaluation31
1.9A Systems Engineering Framework31
1.9.1Systems Engineering Processes33
1.9.2Systems Engineering Management34
1.9.3Systems Engineering Tools34
1.9.4Related Disciplines34
1.1Summary35
1.11Revision Questions35


2REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK
2.1Introduction43
2.1.1Needs and Requirements Documentation43
2.1.2What is a Requirement?47
2.1.3Requirements Characteristics and Attributes47
2.1.4What Not How50
2.1.5Emergent Properties51
2.2What Is Requirements Engineering?52
2.2.1Why We Need Requirements53
2.2.2Why We Need Requirements Engineering53
2.3Requirements Elicitation and Elaboration54
2.3.1Difficulties in Eliciting and Elaborating Requirements56
2.3.2Techniques for Eliciting/Generating Requirements58
2.4Requirements Validation65
2.5Requirements Documentation66
2.6Requirements Management67
2.6.1Requirements Change Management67
2.6.2Change Management—Traceability67
2.6.3Requirements Management Tools68
2.7Requirements-Engineering Tools70
2.7.1Requirements Breakdown Structure (RBS)70
2.7.2Functional Flow Block Diagrams (FFBD)72
2.8Summary73
2.9Review Questions74

3CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3.1Introduction81
3.2C1—Define Business Needs and Requirements82
3.2.1C1.1—Identify Major Stakeholders and Constraints83
3.2.2C1.2—Elicit Business Needs86
3.2.3C1.3—Scope System98
3.2.4C1.4—Define Business Requirements103
3.2.5C1.5—Finalise Business Needs and Requirements (BNR)107
3.3C2—Define Stakeholder Needs and Requirements107
3.3.1C2.1—Define Stakeholder Needs108
3.3.2C2.2—Define Stakeholders Requirements108
3.3.3C2.3—Finalise Stakeholder Needs and Requirements (SNR)110
3.4C3—Define System Requirements111
3.4.1C3.1—Establish Requirements Framework113
3.4.2C3.2—Perform Requirements Analysis and Allocation113
3.4.3C3.3—Draft System Requirement Specification (SyRS)117
3.4.4C3.4—Define Technical Performance Measures (TPM)119
3.4.5C3.5—Conduct System Requirements Reviews (SRR)123
3.4.6Engineering Management Considerations125
3.5C4—Conduct System-Level Synthesis126
3.6C5—Conduct System Design Review (SDR)128
3.7Review Questions130

4PRELIMINARY DESIGN
4.1Introduction133
4.2Subsystem Requirements Analysis133
4.3Requirements Allocation137
4.3.1Identify Candidate Subsystems138
4.3.2Group and Allocate Requirements142
4.3.3Confirm Subsystem Selection145
4.4RBS versus WBS145
4.5Interface Identification and Design147
4.5.1Interface Control Document (ICD)147
4.5.2Types of Interface148
4.5.3Interface Control Working Group (ICWG)150
4.5.4Interface Definition Using the N2 Diagram151
4.6Subsystem-Level Synthesis and Evaluation152
4.6.1Review Sources of Subsystem Requirements152
4.6.2Investigate Design Alternatives153
4.6.3Make Optimal Use of Design Space158
4.6.4Selecting the Preferred Solution162
4.7Preliminary Design Review (PDR)163
4.8Tools165
4.8.1Schematic Block Diagrams165
4.8.2Physical Modelling165
4.8.3Mathematical Modelling and Simulation166
4.8.4Trade-Off Analysis167
4.9Review Questions171

5DETAILED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1Introduction173
5.2Detailed Design Requirements173
5.3Detailed Design of Hardware175
5.3.1Generic Hardware Detailed Design Process176
5.3.2Preparing for Detailed Hardware Design176
5.3.3Performing Detailed Hardware Design177
5.3.4Proving the Detailed Hardware Design179
5.3.5Documenting the Detailed Hardware Design180
5.4Detailed Design of Software182
5.4.1Software Design Process182
5.4.2Preparing for Software Design183
5.4.3Performing Detailed Software Design184
5.4.4Documenting the Detailed Software Design184
5.5Integrating System Elements185

5.6Detailed Design Reviews187
5.6.1Equipment/Software Design Reviews187
5.6.2Critical Design Review (CDR)187
5.7Review Questions190

6CONSTRUCTION AND/OR PRODUCTION
6.1Introduction193
6.2Production Requirements193
6.3Engineering Management Issues196
6.3.1Major Audits196
6.3.2Major Reviews200
6.3.3Configuration Management201
6.4Review Questions201

7OPERATIONAL USE AND SYSTEM SUPPORT
7.1Introduction203
7.2Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS)206
7.3Retirement208
7.4Review Questions211

8SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
8.1Introduction213
8.2Technical Review and Audit Management213
8.3Test and Evaluation216
8.3.1Developmental Test and Evaluation (DT&E)218
8.3.2Acceptance Test and Evaluation (AT&E)219
8.3.3Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E)219
8.3.4Test Management221
8.3.5Testing Activities and the System Life Cycle221
8.3.6Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP)226
8.4Technical Risk Management227
8.4.1Risk Identification229
8.4.2Risk Analysis230
8.4.3Risk Treatment231
8.4.4Risk Management Documentation232
8.5Configuration Management233
8.5.1Establishing the Baselines233
8.5.2Configuration Management Functions234
8.5.3Configuration Management in Acquisition and in Utilization239
8.5.4Configuration Management Documentation239
8.6Specifications and Standards240
8.6.1Specifications241
8.6.2Standards243
8.7Systems Engineering Management Planning245
8.8Review Questions247
9SYSTEMS ENGINEERING STANDARDS
9.1Standards251
9.1.1MIL-STD-499B—Systems Engineering (Draft)251
9.1.2EIA/IS-632—Systems Engineering258
9.1.3IEEE-Std-1220—IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process260
9.1.4ANSI/EIA-632—Processes For Engineering A System267
9.1.5ISO/IEC 15288 System And Software Engineering—System Life Cycle Processes272
9.1.6Other Useful Standards274
9.2Capability Maturity Models276
9.3Review Questions281

10RELATED DISCIPLINES
10.1Introduction285
10.2Project Management285
10.3Quality Assurance290
10.4Integrated Logistics Support291
10.5Operations292
10.6Software Engineering292
10.7Hardware Engineering294
10.8Review Questions295

11SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
11.1Introduction297
11.2Waterfall Development298
11.3Incremental Development300
11.4Evolutionary Development303
11.5Prototyping and System Development305
11.6Spiral Development Model306
11.7Summary309
11.8Review Questions309

GLOSSARY 311

INDEX 315
· · · · · · (收起)