Non-Democratic Politics

Since the nineteenth century, there has been a slow transformation in the nature of the norms that regulate political competition and the uses of state power. Monarchies whose legitimating principles appealed to divine sanction have steadily given way to republican regimes normatively grounded in appeals to 'the people.' Ideals of liberty, equality and solidarity have gained gr...

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Since the nineteenth century, there has been a slow transformation in the nature of the norms that regulate political competition and the uses of state power. Monarchies whose legitimating principles appealed to divine sanction have steadily given way to republican regimes normatively grounded in appeals to 'the people.' Ideals of liberty, equality and solidarity have gained ground relative to ideals of hierarchy and dependence. Yet while in some ways the world is more democratic now than ever, new forms of non-democracy and new justifications for it have emerged. Drawing on a wide variety of examples and data from around the world, this important new text provides a global account of the history and theory of non-democratic government over the past two centuries.

Grounded in the most recent social science research, it shows how non-democratic regimes have ruled through many different institutions, from parties to armies to dynastic families, and examines the economic and social performance of these different types of non-democracy, as well as the development of justifications for them. It discusses how over the last century personal dictatorships and totalitarian regimes have given way to hybrid regimes combining electoral competition with various restrictions on the ability of parties and other social groups to effectively compete for control of the state. The book assesses the processes through which non-democratic regimes change, and sometimes democratize, from cultural change and economic development to collective action and revolution.

Offering a cutting-edge analysis of the complex issue of non-democratic politics, this is the perfect introduction for students with an interest in how authoritarianism exerts itself in the modern age.

Contents
List of Illustrative Material
Acknowledgements
Introduction：Democracy， Non-democracy, and the Varieties of Political Competition
The Importance of Electoral Competition
Political Regimes and State Capacity
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Contents
List of Illustrative Material
Acknowledgements
Introduction：Democracy， Non-democracy, and the Varieties of Political Competition
The Importance of Electoral Competition
Political Regimes and State Capacity
The Dimensions of Non-Democratic Politics
Social Control and Personal Power in Non-Democratic Regimes
Authoritarian Institutions
Problems and Outcomes of Non-democratic Rule
Regime Change, Revolution, and Democratization
Conclusion
The Changing Face of Non-Democratic Rule
Will the Real Democracies Please Stand Up?
Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Legitmation of Political Authority
A Very Short History of Republican Institutions
Waves of Democracy and Non-democracy
Conclusion
The Struggle over Social Control: Totalitarian and Authoritarian Rule
Totalitarianism
Authoritarianism
Competitive Authoritarianism
Origins of Competitive Authoritarianism
Conclusion
Personal Rule
Personal Rule vs. Institutionally Constrained Rule
The Personalization of Power
Power-sharing and Leader Exit in Non-democracies
Personal Power and the Structure of the Ruling Elite
Personal Dictatorships and Patrimonial Regimes
The Personnel Management Techniques of the Personal Ruler
Dependence
Complicity
Division
Conclusion
Parties
The Diversity of Parties and Party Rule
Parites as Devices for Elite Cohesion
Screening
Career Ladders
The Management of Disloyalty
Varieties of Electoral Experience
Elections as Signals of Invincibility
Elections as Loyalty Management
Elections as Information Gathering Mechanism
Elections as Rituals of Power
Elections as International Mimicry
Conclusion
Armies
The Coup
Determinants of Military Intervention
Authoritarian Consollidation after Coups
The Fragility of Military Rule
Conclusion
Dynastic Families
The Decline of Monarchy
Lynchpin vs. Dynastic Monarchies
Dynastic Monarchies as Family Firms
Succession Rules
The Importance of Elite Cohesion
Conclusion
Problems of Non-Democratic Consolidation and Control
The People‘s Lies
The Totalitarian's Dilemma
Surveiling the People
Surveiling the State
The Regime's Lies
Regime Lies under Competitive Authoritarianism
Regime Lies under Totalitarianism
The Censor;s Dilemma
Fear, Love, and Rituals of Power
Ritual and Resistance
Ritual and Emotion
Cults of Personality and the Politics of "As If" SUpport
Flattery Inflation
Conclusion
Benevolent Authoritarianism
Democracy, Aithoritarianism, and Economic Development
Regimes, Incentives, and Information
Non-Democratic Growth: The Evidence
Successful Authoritarian Regimes
Corruption in Democracies and Non-Democracies
Other Public Goods in Democracies and Non-Democracies
Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Violence
Repression, Regimes, and Social Conflict
War and Political Regimes
Conclusion
The Roots of Regime Change and Democratization
Culture and Authoritarianism
Cultural Explanations of Political Change and Stability
The Legitimacy Theory of Political Change
The Civic Capital Theory of Political Change
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
Economic Conflict and Regime Change
Regimes as Commitment Devices
Factors that Sharpen Redistributive Conflict
Empirical Evidence for Conflict Theories
Regime Change and Beliefs about Fairness
Conclusion
How do Regimes Change? Contentious Politics and Its Diffusion
Political Opporitunity
Weakened State Capacity and Political Opportunity
Economic Crises and Elite Divisions
International Influences and Perceptions of Opportunity
Periodic Opportunities
False Opportunities
The Rebel's Dilemma
Covert Resistance and Safe Spaces
Emotional Work
Selective Incentives
The Power of Numbers
Moral Awakenings
Informational Updating
Reference Group Updating
Informal Assembly Mechanisms
The New Social Media
Repertoires of Contention
Violence vs. Nom-Violence
Non-Violence and the Power of Numbers
The Outcomes of Violent and Non-Violent Campaigns
Conclusion
Conclusion: The Uncertainty of Democratization
References
Index
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