Introduction
PART I. PLANNING A RESEARCH PROJECT
Chapter 1. Defining the Research Question
Sources of Research Questions
Scope of Research
Feasibility of Research
Stating Research Questions and Hypotheses
Collecting Research Evidence
Internal and External Validity of Studies
Internal Validity
External Validity
Activities
Chapter 2. Describing Variables
Research Variables
Variable vs. Level
Measurement of Variables
Nominal Scale Variables
Ordinal Scale Variables
Interval Scale Variables
Frequency Data vs. Score Data
Function of Variables
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Moderator Variable
Control Variable
Other Intervening Independent Variables
Activities
Chapter 3. Constructing Research Designs
Determining the Design
Distinguishing the Dependent and Independent Variables in Research
Confounded Designs
Repeated-Measures vs. Between-Groups (Randomized) Designs
Mixed Designs (Split-Plot Designs)
Practice in Drawing Design Boxes
Classification of Designs
Studies with Intact Groups
One-Shot Design
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Intact Group-Single Control
Time-Series Designs
Experimental Studies
Random Assignment Posttest
Control Group Pretest-Posttest
Ex Post Facto Designs
Activities
Chapter 4. Writing the Research Proposal and Report
Variation in Formats
Organizing the Proposal/Report
introduction
Method
Results and Discussion
Front and Back Matter
Activities
PART II. DESCRiBING DATA
Chapter 5. Coding and Displaying Frequency Data
Coding and Counting Values
Frequency
Relative Frequency
Rates and Ratios
Coding Numerical Data
Data Displays
Bar Graphs and Histograms
Pie Charts
Activities
Chapter 6. Describing Interval and Ordinal Values
Measures of Ct!ntral Tendency
Mode
Median
Mean
Central Tendency and the Normal Distribution
Measures of Variability
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution
Ordinal Measures
Activities
Chapter 7. Locating Scores and Finding Scales in a Distribution
Locating Scores in a Distribution
Percentiles, Quartiles, and Deciles
Locating Comparable Scores in Distributions
Standardized Scores
Standardized Scores and the Normal Distribution
z Scores
T Scores
Distributions with Nominal Data
Implicational Scaling
Other Applications of Distribution Measures
Activities
Chapter 8. Probability and Hypothesis Testing Procedures
Probability
Probability of Individual Scores in a Distribution
The Normal Distribution (z Score) Table
Probability of Group Scores or Frequencies in a Distribution
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Distribution and Choice of Statistical Procedures
Choices in Data Analysis
Parametric vs. Nonparametric Procedures
Activities 245
PART Ill. COMPARING GROUPS
Chapter 9. Comparing Two Groups: Between-Groups Designs
Parametric Comparison of Two Groups: 1-test
Sampling Distribution of Means
Case I Comparisons
Case 2 Comparisons
Sampling Distribution of Differences Between Means
Assumptions Underlying t-tests
Strength of Association: eta2
Nonpararnetric Comparisons of Two Groups
Selecting the Appropriate Nonparametric Test
Median Test
Rank Sums Tests (Wilcoxon Rank Sums, Mann Whitney U)
Strength of Association: eta2
Deciding Among Procedures
Activities
Chapter 10. Comparing Two Groups: Repeated-Measures
Parametric Comparisons: Matched 1-test
Strength of Association: eta2
Nonparametric Comparisons: Repeated-Measures
Sign Test
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
Strength of Association: eta2
Deciding Among Procedures
Advantages/Disadvantages of Nonparametric Procedures
Activities
Chapter 11. Comparisons Between Three or More Groups
Parametric/Nonparametric Choice
Parametric Tests for Comparing Three or More Groups
Balanced and Unbalanced Designs
Fixed Effects and Random Effects Designs
One-way Balanced ANOVA
Assumptions Underlying ANOVA
Tests for Locating Differences Among Means
Strength of Association: omega2
Nonparametric Tests for Comparing Three or More Groups
Kruskal-Wal!is Test
Nonparametric Tests for Locating Differences Among Means
Activities
Chapter 12. Repeated-Measures Comparison of Three or More Groups
Parametric Comparisons: Repeated-Measures One-way ANOVA
Interpreting the F Ratio
eta2 for Repeated-Measures
Nonparametric Comparisons: Friedman Test
Strength of Association: eta2
Nemenyi' s Test
Activities
Chapter 13. Comparisons of Means in Factorial Designs
Factorial Designs
Calculating ANOV A for a 2 X 2 Design
Interpreting the Interaction and Main Effects in Factorial ANOV A
Strength of Relationship: omega2
Assumptions Underlying Factorial ANOVA
Selecting Factorial ANOV A Programs
Activities
PART IV. DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS
Chapter 14. Relationships in Nominal Data
Chi-square Procedure
Computing χ2 for One-way Designs
Chi-square for Two-way Designs
Yates' Correction Factor
Assumptions Underlying Chi-square
Interpreting χ2
Strength of Association
Phi (Φ)
Cramer's V
McNemar's Test for Related Samples
Activities
Chapter 15, Correlation
Measuring Relationships
Pearson Correlation
Computing the Correlation Coefficient
Computing Correlation from Raw Scores
Assumptions Underlying Pearson Correlation
Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient
Correction for Attenuation
Factors Affecting Correlation
Correlations with Noncontinuous Variables
Point Biserial Correlation
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation (rho)
Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance
phi: Correlation of Two Dichotomous Variables
Activities
Chapter 16. Regression
Linear Regression
Multiple Regression
Restrictions Related to Multiple Regression
Interpreting Multiple Regression
Relation Between ANOVA and Regression
Activities
Chapter 17. Other Statistical Tests Used in Applied Linguistics
Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Factor Analysis
Interpreting Components or Factors
Multidimensional Scaling
Path Analysis
Loglinear and Categorical Modeling
Categorical Models and Causal Analysis
Categorical Modeling with Repeated-Measures
Activities
Chapter 18. Assumptions of Statistical Tests
Reliability of Measurement
Estimating Reliability
Test-Retest Method
Parallel Test Method
Interrater Reliability
Internal Consistency
Validity of Measurement
Validity of Research
Guide to Selecting the Appropriate Procedure
Assumptions of Specific Statistical Tests
t-test: Comparing Two Means
ANOV A: Comparing More Than Two Means
Chi-square: Relating Categorical Variables
Pearson Correlation: Relating Interval Variables
Regression: Predicting Y from X
PCA, Factor Analysis, and Multidimensional Scaling
Path Analysis
Categorical Modeling
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Pretest
Appendix B: Answer Key to Exercises
Appendix C: Statistical Tables
Table 1: Normal Distribution: Table of z Scores
Table 2: t-test
Table 3: Sign Test
Table 4: Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
Table 5: F Distribution (ANOV A)
Table 6: Ryan's Procedure for Kruskal-Wallis
Table 7: Chi-square Distribution
Table 8: Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Table 9: Spearman rho Correlation
Table 10: Fisher Z-Transformation of Correlations
Appendix D: List of Formulas
Appendix E: Selected Journals in Applied Linguistics
AUTHOR INDEX
STATISTICAL CONTENT INDEX
· · · · · · (
收起)
还没人写过短评呢
还没人写过短评呢