Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Contents
About the Authors
1 Rivers in the Anthropocene
1.1 Structure and Function of River Systems
1.1.1 Physical Setting
1.1.2 The Fluvial Ecosystem
1.1.3 Vision of a Healthy River
1.2 Rivers in the Anthropocene
1.2.1 State of the World’s River Systems
1.2.2 What is at Stake
1.2.3 What is to Be Done?
1.3 What to Expect in This Book
References
2 Streamflow
2.1 The Water Cycle
2.1.1 Global Water Cycle
2.1.2 Water Balance of a Catchment
2.1.3 Surface Versus Groundwater Pathways
2.2 Streamflow
2.2.1 The Hydrograph
2.3 Flow Variation
2.3.1 The Likelihood of Extreme Events
2.3.2 Ecologically Relevant Flow Metrics
2.3.3 Hydrologic Classification
2.4 Human Influence on Streamflow
2.4.1 Dams and Impoundments
2.4.2 Effect of Land Use on Streamflow
2.4.3 Effect of Climate Change on Streamflow
2.5 Environmental Flows
2.6 Summary
References
3 Fluvial Geomorphology
3.1 Geomorphological Features of a River System
3.1.1 The Drainage Network
3.1.2 The Stream Channel
3.1.3 Hydraulic Geometry
3.1.4 Channel Pattern
3.1.5 Pool-Riffle Features
3.1.6 The Floodplain
3.2 Sediments and Their Transport
3.2.1 Bed Material
3.2.2 Bank and Bed Erosion
3.2.3 Particle Transport
3.2.4 Sediment Load
3.2.5 Factors Influencing Sediment Concentrations and Loads
3.3 Fluvial Processes Along the River Continuum
3.3.1 Fluvial Processes and Channel Morphologies
3.3.2 Channel Dynamics Over Long Timeframes
3.3.3 Channel Classifications and Their Uses
3.4 Applications of Fluvial Geomorphology
3.4.1 Dams
3.4.2 Gravel Mining
3.4.3 River Restoration
3.5 Summary
References
4 Streamwater Chemistry
4.1 Dissolved Gases
4.2 Major Dissolved Constituents of River Water
4.2.1 Variability in Ionic Concentrations
4.2.2 The Dissolved Load
4.2.3 Chemical Classification of River Water
4.3 The Bicarbonate Buffer System
4.4 Biological Implications of Varying Ionic Concentrations
4.4.1 Variation in Ionic Concentration
4.4.2 Salinization and Alkalinization of Freshwater Systems
4.4.3 Effects of Acidity on Stream Ecosystems
4.5 Legacy and Emerging Chemical Contaminants
4.5.1 Legacy Contaminants in Rivers and Streams
4.5.2 Emerging Contaminants in Running Waters
4.6 Plastic Pollution in Freshwater Systems
4.7 Summary
References
5 The Abiotic Environment
5.1 The Flow Environment
5.1.1 Characterizing the Flow Environment
5.1.2 Flows at the Scale of Organisms
5.1.3 Influence of Extreme Flows
5.1.4 Flow Management Applications
5.2 Physical Habitat
5.2.1 Inorganic Substrates
5.2.2 Organic Substrates
5.2.3 The Influence of Physical Habitat on Stream Assemblages
5.2.3.1 Fine Particles
5.2.3.2 Macrophytes
5.2.3.3 Wood
5.2.3.4 Physical Habitat and Ecosystem Processes
5.2.4 Physical Habitat Restoration
5.3 Temperature
5.3.1 Shade
5.3.2 Hydrologic Influences
5.3.3 Urbanization
5.3.4 Climate Change
5.3.5 Temperature and Ecological Processes
5.4 Summary
References
6 Primary Producers
6.1 Benthic Algae
6.1.1 Factors Influencing Benthic Algae
6.1.1.1 Light
6.1.1.2 Nutrients
6.1.1.3 Current
6.1.1.4 Substrate
6.1.1.5 Temperature
6.1.1.6 Grazers
6.1.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation in Benthic Algae
6.2 Macrophytes
6.2.1 Limiting Factors for Macrophytes
6.3 Phytoplankton
6.3.1 Limiting Factors for Phytoplankton
6.4 Human Influence
6.5 Summary
References
7 Detrital Energy and the Decomposition of Organic Matter
7.1 Inputs, Storage and Transport of CPOM
7.1.1 Sources of CPOM
7.1.2 Storage of CPOM
7.1.3 Anthropogenic Activities and CPOM Inputs
7.1.4 Transport of CPOM
7.2 The Decomposition of Organic Matter
7.2.1 Breakdown and Decomposition of Coarse Particulates
7.2.2 Physical and Chemical Conditions Influencing OM Decomposition
7.2.3 The Lability of Organic Matter
7.2.4 Microbial Succession and Decomposition Rates
7.2.5 Decomposition of Macrophytes, Wood, and Other Sources of CPOM
7.2.6 Macroconsumers and Detritivory
7.2.7 Anthropogenic Change and Decomposition
7.3 Sources and Processing of Fine Particulate Organic Matter
7.3.1 Temporal and Spatial Variation in FPOM
7.3.2 Storage and Transport of FPOM
7.3.3 Lability of FPOM
7.3.4 The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Fine Particulates
7.4 Sources and Processing of Dissolved Organic Matter
7.4.1 Sources of DOM
7.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Variability in DOM
7.4.3 Lability and Uptake of DOM
7.4.4 Anthropogenic Influences on DOM
7.5 Outgassing of Carbon from River Networks
7.6 Summary
References
8 Stream Microbial Ecology
8.1 The Microbial Loop
8.2 The Ecology of Biofilms
8.3 Bacterioplankton
8.4 Summary
References
9 Trophic Relationships
9.1 Invertebrate Feeding Roles
9.1.1 Consumers of CPOM
9.1.2 Consumers of FPOM
9.1.3 Herbivory
9.1.4 Predaceous Invertebrates
9.1.5 Patterns in FFG Composition
9.1.6 Assimilation-Based Analyses of Feeding Roles
9.2 Trophic Roles of Lotic Fishes
9.2.1 Fish Trophic Categories
9.2.2 Patterns in Fish Trophic Composition
9.2.3 Feeding Mode and Morphology
9.2.4 Challenges of Fish Trophic Categorization
9.3 Other Vertebrates
9.4 Summary
References
10 Species Interactions
10.1 Herbivory
10.1.1 Direct Interactions Between Consumers and Producers
10.1.1.1 Grazer Impacts on Periphyton Assemblages
10.1.1.2 Food Quantity and Quality
10.1.1.3 Behavioral Responses
10.1.2 Indirect Effects of Grazer-Resource Interaction
10.1.3 Disturbance and Herbivory
10.2 Predation
10.2.1 The Predator-Prey Interaction
10.2.1.1 Prey Selection by Fishes
10.2.1.2 Invertebrate Predators
10.2.2 Effects of Predation on Prey Populations
10.2.2.1 Direct Effects on Prey Populations
10.2.2.2 Non-consumptive Effects of Predation
10.3 Competition
10.3.1 Resource Partitioning
10.3.1.1 Algae
10.3.1.2 Invertebrates
10.3.1.3 Fishes
10.3.2 Experimental Studies of Competition
10.4 Parasitism
10.4.1 Direct and Indirect Effects
10.5 Summary
References
11 Lotic Communities
11.1 Global and Regional Patterns in Species Diversity
11.1.1 Species-Area Relationships
11.1.2 Latitudinal Diversity Gradients
11.1.3 Historical Explanations
11.2 Local Patterns in Species Diversity
11.2.1 Influence of the Regional Species Pool
11.2.2 Influence of Sampling Effort
11.2.3 Common and Rare Species
11.3 Local and Regional Controls of Community Assemblages
11.3.1 Consistency in Assemblage Composition
11.3.2 Local Environmental Factors and Spatial Characteristics of River Networks
11.3.3 The Habitat Template and Species Traits
11.4 Disturbance, Diversity, and Community Structure
11.4.1 The Influence of Extreme Events
11.4.2 Disturbance Frequency and Biotic Responses
11.5 Summary
References
12 Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Aquatic Communities
12.1 Food Web Ecology
12.1.1 Assessing Energy Flow Through Food Webs
12.1.1.1 Stable Isotopes and Other Dietary Indicators
12.1.1.2 Secondary Production and Ingestion
12.1.2 Variability in Food Web Structure
12.1.3 Factors Influencing Secondary Production
12.1.4 Spatial Subsidies and Aquatic Community Response
12.1.5 Flow Food Webs and Ecosystem Processes
12.2 Aquatic Communities and Ecosystem Function
12.2.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
12.2.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation in Ecosystem-Level Effects
12.2.3 Community-Driven Nutrient Dynamics
12.3 Summary
References
13 Nutrient Dynamics
13.1 Sources and Cycling of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
13.1.1 Nitrogen Sources
13.1.2 Nitrogen Cycling
13.1.3 Phosphorus Sources
13.1.4 Phosphorus Cycling
13.2 Transport and Spiraling
13.2.1 Physical Transport
13.2.2 Nutrient Spiraling
13.3 Factors Influencing Nutrient Dynamics
13.3.1 Ambient Nutrient Concentrations
13.3.2 Physical-Chemical Controls
13.3.3 Hydrologic Controls
13.3.3.1 Transient Storage
13.3.3.2 Stream Size
13.3.4 Biotic Controls of Nutrient Cycling
13.3.4.1 Assimilatory Uptake
13.3.4.2 Dissimilatory Transformations
13.3.4.3 Role of Consumers in Nutrient Dynamics
13.4 Global Trends in Stream Nutrient Dynamics
13.4.1 Nitrogen
13.4.2 Phosphorus
13.5 Summary
References
14 Carbon Dynamics and Stream Ecosystem Metabolism
14.1 Energy Flow in Lotic Systems
14.2 Stream Ecosystem Metabolism
14.2.1 Factors Controlling Autochthonous Production
14.2.2 Factors Controlling Ecosystem Respiration
14.2.3 Factors Controlling Gas Exchange
14.2.4 Methods to Estimate Stream Metabolism
14.2.5 Interpretation of Relationships Between Productivity and Respiration
14.2.6 Patterns in Stream Metabolism
14.2.7 Additional Factors Influencing Metabolic Processes
14.3 Organic Matter Budgets
14.4 Carbon Spiraling
14.5 Summary
References
15 How We Manage Rivers, and Why
15.1 Benefits from Intact Rivers
15.1.1 Ecosystem Services
15.1.2 Rheophilia
15.2 Goals in River Management
15.3 Frameworks for River Management
15.3.1 Integrated River Basin Management
15.3.2 The US Clean Water Act and TMDLs
15.3.3 Freshwater Conservation Planning
15.4 Three Pillars of River Management
15.4.1 Understanding the Fundamentals of River Systems
15.4.2 Measuring Progress
15.4.3 Societal Support
15.5 Progress Made, Progress Needed
15.6 Summary
References
Index
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