How to Read Marx's Capital

原文摘录   · · · · · ·  ( 全部 )

• However, the 1870s brought the "marginalist revolution" in economics. Instead of basing a commodity's value on the labor expended in its production, as Smith and Ricardo did, marginalism focuses on utility——or more exactly "marginal" utility, which is the increase in utility that an additional good yields. By the end of the nineteenth century, the "classical" political economy of Smith and Ricardo was considered obsolete. The "neoclassical" school dominant today in universities and economic research institutes is the direct heir of the marginal utility school. Since Marx also saw a connection between value and expended labor, neoclassical economists consider him to be part of "classical" political economy and therefore obsolete. They do not pay attention to Marx's aim of critiquing the ent... (查看原文)

  7086 2023-02-05 15:55:08

• It’s important to note the difference between exchange-value and value: the exchange-value of a commodity—for example, a quarter of wheat—is the quantity of use-values that is obtained by exchanging it (for example, x cwt iron). By contrast, the value of a commodity is that “spectral objectivity” possessed by the commodity (in exchange) as an embodiment of abstract human labor. Exchange-value is the “form of appearance” or “mode of expression” of this value—in being equated with x cwt iron, the value of a quarter of wheat becomes visible. (查看原文)

  7086 2023-02-10 15:29:41

> 全部原文摘录