The Imperial Creation of Ethnicity

How did inter-ethnic solidarity become attenuated in the era of the Chinese imperial transformation (1900-1930)? Based on Inner Mongolian cases, this book examines the transformations effective in the policy domains of land affairs, military organization, and law, which were initiated to strengthen state centralization, yet resulted in the sharpening of ethnic boundaries.

Using...

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How did inter-ethnic solidarity become attenuated in the era of the Chinese imperial transformation (1900-1930)? Based on Inner Mongolian cases, this book examines the transformations effective in the policy domains of land affairs, military organization, and law, which were initiated to strengthen state centralization, yet resulted in the sharpening of ethnic boundaries.

Using unpublished archival sources, this book benefits from three key strengths. It addresses the question of Mongol-Han relationship in the early Republican period (1911-1930), it illuminates the details of imperial administration and its changes along with the shift of the regime, and it explores the theoretical potentials of the near frontier approach and positions the Chinese imperial transition within a comparative perspective.

Acknowledgements
List of Tables, Maps and Figures
Introduction
1Ethnogenesis in the Near Frontier
2The Administration of the Empire
3The Organization of the Book
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Acknowledgements
List of Tables, Maps and Figures
Introduction
1Ethnogenesis in the Near Frontier
2The Administration of the Empire
3The Organization of the Book
1 Mapping Out the Mongolian Identities
1The Center-Periphery Model
2The Frontier Space of Inner Mongolia
3The Feudal Tradition of Mongols
4The Mongolian Banners
5The Mongol-Manchu Alliance
6The Incorporation of Mongols into the Qing State
7The Exceptional Case of Hulun Buir
8Empires and Cross-Identifications
2 Land Reform and State Centralization
1A Natural Erosion of Nomadic Feudalism
2The Late Qing Land Reform
3The Changing Utility of Land in fangken
4Colonization or Political Consolidation?
5The Nexuses of Ruling Powers
6The Puzzle of Mongolian Cooperation
3 Revolution, Warlordism and Ethnic Confrontation
1The Revolutionary Turbulence
2Mongolian Reactions to the Revolution
3Intrusion of Provincial Governments
4Emerging Local Conflicts
5The Age of Warlordism
6Transforming the Frontier Governance Structure
7Military Colonization
4 Ethnicizing Boundaries in the Legal Jurisdiction
1Legal Pluralism under the Imperial Rule
2The Motley Jurisdictions in Eastern Inner Mongolia
3Navigating the Disparate Legal Spaces
4Reshuffling the Mongolian Legal Jurisdiction
5The End of Legal Pluralism?
5 The Mongolian Shift in Hulun Buir
1Tribal Soldiers in a Mobile Garrison System
2Territorializing the Governments in Hulun Buir
3Territorial Administration in Hulun Buir
4Becoming Mongols
5Striving for Mongolian Autonomy
6The Intellectual Construct
7Territorialization and Ethno-Genesis
Conclusion
Appendix 1: Administrative Experiences of the Frontier Military Officials, 1900–1916
Appendix 2: Administrative Experiences of the Frontier Military Officials, 1917–1928
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography
Index
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