(i) Evolutionary psychology does not claim that observable human behavior is adaptive, but rather that it is produced by psychological mechanisms that are adaptations. The output of an adaptation need not be adaptive.
(ii) Nor does evolutionary psychology imply that an adaptation must result in cross-cultural universals in human behavior. The evolved mechanisms may be designed to be environmentally sensitive, may operate unexpectedly in unanticipated environments, or may not develop at all if not properly triggered. It is only in the absence of such defeaters that cross-culturality might be expected. This noted, cross-culturality can be offered as evidence of innateness in the absence of any better hypothesis indicating a universally present exogenous explanans.
(iii) Though preserving ... (查看原文)
But let’s put into the midst of this population a few helpful individuals. In performing helpful behaviors toward non-kin, helpers lower their own reproductive capacity. Let’s say that they sacrifice 9 percent of their reproductive capacity in order to help 10 of their comrades get a boost of 0.4—that distribution of benefits being uniform and undiscriminating of whether the recipient is helper or non-helper. If we put 10 such characters into the mix, then 100 individuals will get their capacity boosted by 0.4. And since the distribution is uniform, five of those 100 will be helpers. We end up with the following spread of reproductive capacities in our population: five helpers with a reproductive rate of 1.4, five with a rate of 1.0, 95 unhelpful individuals with a rate of 1.5, and 95 on t... (查看原文)
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译林出版社2017版（其他版本）
0 有用 ~ 2026-03-05 14:17:45 广东
ch5 自然主义谬误，开放问题论证，是与应当 Richards得到的只是预测的“应当”而非道德的；Campell通过非认知主义预设损害了认识论上的证成概念；丹尼特将道德判断视为“对话终结者”也只是在工具意义上证成道德，而且对话终结者的概念本身对道德就是有害的，唯一的虚构主义出路也没有被丹尼特仔细考量；Casebeer坚持亚里士多德式的目的论（功能论证），无法应对古怪论证，而且无法从生物目的意义上的... ch5 自然主义谬误，开放问题论证，是与应当 Richards得到的只是预测的“应当”而非道德的；Campell通过非认知主义预设损害了认识论上的证成概念；丹尼特将道德判断视为“对话终结者”也只是在工具意义上证成道德，而且对话终结者的概念本身对道德就是有害的，唯一的虚构主义出路也没有被丹尼特仔细考量；Casebeer坚持亚里士多德式的目的论（功能论证），无法应对古怪论证，而且无法从生物目的意义上的好逾越到道德意义上的好。 (展开)