The Manchu Language at Court and in the Bureaucracy under the Qianlong Emperor

This is the first book-length study of the roles played by the Manchu language at the center of the Qing empire at the height of its power in the eighteenth century.

It presents a revisionist account of Manchu not as a language in decline, but as extensively and consciously used language in a variety of areas.

It treats the use, discussion, regulation, and philological study of...

(展开全部)

This is the first book-length study of the roles played by the Manchu language at the center of the Qing empire at the height of its power in the eighteenth century.

It presents a revisionist account of Manchu not as a language in decline, but as extensively and consciously used language in a variety of areas.

It treats the use, discussion, regulation, and philological study of Manchu at the court of an emperor who cared deeply for the maintenance and history of the language of his dynasty.

Acknowledgments
List of Figures and Illustration
ConventionsV
Introduction
1The How and Why of Manchu
2Manchu Documents, Books, and Three Reasons for Writing this Study
· · · · · · (更多)

Acknowledgments
List of Figures and Illustration
ConventionsV
Introduction
1The How and Why of Manchu
2Manchu Documents, Books, and Three Reasons for Writing this Study
1 Background: The Manchu Language from the Seventeenth Century to the Qianlong Period
1The Early History of Written Manchu
2The Manchu Language in China Proper
3Scholarly Efforts to Describe the Manchu Language and Qianlong’s Project to Change it
2 Public Inscriptions and Manchu Language Reform in the Early Qianlong Reign
1Background: Manchu Steles and Public Inscriptions
2Public Inscriptions and Qianlong-era Language Reform
3The Names for Temples, Altars, and Gates
4The Inscription at Fragrance of the Teaching Temple
5Conclusion
3 Linguistic Compartmentalization and the Palace Memorial System
1Manchu and Chinese Linguistic Regimes
2Linguistic Compartmentalization and the Palace Memorial System
3The Experiment of Bilingual Palace Memorials
4Language Choice and Secrecy
5The Limits of Linguistic Compartmentalization: Lateral Communications
6Conclusion
4 Reading Manchu Palace Memorials Against the Idea of Manchu Decline
1The Idea of Manchu Decline
2Palace Memorials from Letters to Bureaucratic Summaries
3How did Qianlong Understand Authorship? The Examples of Kuilin, Kinglin, and Guncukdar
4Problems Related to the Composite Nature of Memorials
5Conclusion
5 Imperial Corrections of Language Errors in Manchu Palace Memorials
1Corrections before Qianlong
2Qianlong’s Corrections of Manchu Usage
3Criticism of Language and of the Writer
4Reprimands for Mistakes in Languages other than Manchu
5Conclusion
6 Philological Scholarship in Manchu: Linguistic Studies on the Pre-conquest Archive
1What was “Evidential Learning”?
2Manchu “Evidential Learning”
3Manchu Philology before Qianlong: The Translation of Confucian Literature
4The Pre-conquest Archive and the Early Veritable Records
5The Book of Characters Without Dots and Circles
6The Book of Old Manchu Phrases Lifted from the Veritable Records
7 Footnotes to Early Qing History: The Grand Secretariat Copy of the Old Manchu Archive
1Editing the Old Archive
2The Yellow Sticky Notes
3The Philology of Manchu before Manchu: Multilingual Historical Glossaries
4Conclusion
Conclusion: Manchu after Qianlong
1Manchu as a Language of Court Scholarship
2Statistics on Manchu Document Production
3A New Role for Manchu?
4Survival as an Administrative Language in Multilingual Contexts
5Socio-political Change and Linguistic Change
6Manchu’s Survival as a Vernacular Language
7Limited use of Manchu as a Spoken Language in Nineteenth-century Beijing
8The Decline of Manchu
Bibliography
Archives and Databases Used
Works Cited
Index
· · · · · · (收起)