Of Jaguars and Butterflies

What are we to make of statements that jaguars see themselves as humans, or of doubts about the boundary between dreams and waking? Jointly authored by an anthropologist and a philosopher, this book investigates some of the most puzzling ideas and practices reported in modern ethnography and ancient philosophy, concerning humans, animals, persons, spirits, agency, selfhood, con...

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What are we to make of statements that jaguars see themselves as humans, or of doubts about the boundary between dreams and waking? Jointly authored by an anthropologist and a philosopher, this book investigates some of the most puzzling ideas and practices reported in modern ethnography and ancient philosophy, concerning humans, animals, persons, spirits, agency, selfhood, consciousness, nature, life, death, disease and health. The study’s twin aims are first to explore the possibility of achieving a better understanding of the materials we discuss and then to see what lessons we can draw from them to challenge and revise our own fundamental assumptions.

Geoffrey Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy and Science at the University of Cambridge. He was Master of Darwin College, Cambridge, from 1989 to 2000. Among his most notable publications are Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1979), and Cognitive Variantions (Oxford University Press, 2007).

Aparecida Vilaça is a social anthropologist who ha...

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Geoffrey Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy and Science at the University of Cambridge. He was Master of Darwin College, Cambridge, from 1989 to 2000. Among his most notable publications are Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1979), and Cognitive Variantions (Oxford University Press, 2007).

Aparecida Vilaça is a social anthropologist who has been working for three decades among the Wari’ people (Amazonia, Brazil). She is a collaborating Professor at the Graduate Program in Social Anthropology at Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Her publications include Paletó and Me. Memories of my Indigenous father (Stanford University Press, 2021).

Introduction
Chapter 1. Are People and Animals Separate Kinds of Beings?
Chapter 2. Could Animal-Human Transformations Be Considered as Dreaming or Hallucinating?
Chapter 3. Could We Think of Transformations as Metaphoric?
Chapter 4. Similarities and Contrasts with Ancient Greece
Chapter 5. Are There Complete and Incomplete Transformations?
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Introduction
Chapter 1. Are People and Animals Separate Kinds of Beings?
Chapter 2. Could Animal-Human Transformations Be Considered as Dreaming or Hallucinating?
Chapter 3. Could We Think of Transformations as Metaphoric?
Chapter 4. Similarities and Contrasts with Ancient Greece
Chapter 5. Are There Complete and Incomplete Transformations?
Chapter 6. How Do Things Become Equivalent?
Chapter 7. Is Shamanism a Kind of Disease?
Chapter 8. Are There Objects without Perspectives?
Chapter 9. Why Are Some Animals Unable to Transform?
Chapter 10. Do Transformations Need Proof? Are Shamans and Healers Ever Doubted?
Chapter 11. Are Transformations Analogous to Miracles? Is It All about Believing?
Chapter 12. Is Proof Linked to Literacy?
Chapter 13. Could Those Transformations Be Compared to Those in Literary Fiction?
Chapter 14. Should We Talk about Ontologies When Faced with a World in Flux?
Chapter 15. Anthropologists and Philosophers
Conclusion
References
Index
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