PART I: INTRODUCING ETHNOGRAPHY TO
COASTAL NATURECULTURES
1. Working with Nature, Working with Water:
A Globalized Imaginary | 23
2. Natureculture Imaginaries | 37
2.1 Making Multiple Natures | 37
2.2 “Working with Nature”: A Sociotechnical Imaginary | 48
3. The Context of the Coast | 57
3.1 Coastal Change and the Bi-Cultural Nation | 57
3.2 Designing the Field | 62
3.3 Para-Ethnographic Encounters and Para-Sites | 68
PART II: BEYOND HARD PROTECTION?
THE WAIHI BEACH CASE
4. Historical Transect of a Coastal Protection Conflict | 81
4.1 “Have You Seen Waihi Beach?” | 81
4.2 Coastal Protection History on a Changing Coastline | 89
4.3 Who Owns the Beach? Defending the Local Coast | 97
4.4 Narrowing Down the Case: The Environment Court
in Search of “The Scientific Viewpoint” on the Conflict | 112
5. Possible Futures | 125
5.1 Soft Options: “A Sob to the Greenies” | 125
5.2 Civil Disobedience Continued: The Council Change Petition | 137
5.3 “Things are Changing”: Tangata Whenua
and the Cultural Pillar of Sustainability | 141
5.4 Dystopia Waihi Beach: Enrolling the Seawall’s Materiality
into Future Coastal Policymaking | 148
PART III: MATERIAL PRACTICES OF WORKING WITH
NATURE, OR: MAKING COASTAL NATURECULTURES
6. Restoring and Maintaining Nature:
An Introduction to Coast Care | 165
7. Working with Nature, Working with Communities | 177
7.1 Keeping Busy: Senior Volunteers Doing Their Part | 178
7.2 Volunteering as a Means of Working Towards Paid Work | 181
7.3 Reclaiming the Public Space of the Beach:
The Anti-Encroachment Project | 184
7.3.1 “I am Concerned About the Plants, not the Politics”:
Tensions Between Coast Care and Council Objectives | 188
7.3.2 “Giving Something Back to the Community”:
More Unpaid Labour on the Beach | 190
7.3.3 “I Hope Prince Harry is Gonna Shake my Hand”:
The Voluntourists | 195
7.4 “It Makes You a Better Person”:
Suzanne, a “Great Kiwi Example” | 200
8. “It’s a Frontline of Defence” –
Dune Restoration as Soft Protection | 205
8.1 Erosion is a Natural Process | 207
8.2 Do-It-Yourself Erosion Control:
A “Kick Cowboy” Approach to Coast Care | 212
8.3 Beyond Coast Care: Dune-Reshaping
as an Alternative to Hard Protection? | 218
8.4 Changing Paradigms: Coast Care as a
“Soft Approach to Hard Issues” | 226
8.5 Hibernating Through the Financial Crisis:
The Mōkau Spit Camping Ground Investment | 231
8.6 Managing Coastal Naturecultures | 233
8.7 Coast Care as Climate Change Adaptation? | 234
8.8 “A Moving Target a Little Bit”:
Coastal Restoration from Foredune to Backdune | 238
9. Reconstructing Native Nature | 243
9.1 Why Restore (Native) Nature? | 244
9.2 Anthropological Perspectives on Native and Invasive Species | 247
9.3 Postcolonial Natures: A History of Aotearoa
New Zealand’s Coastal Dunes | 255
9.4 Invasive Native Plants: Mangroves | 260
9.5 Naturally Native: A Sustainable Business | 261
9.6 Native Naturecultures | 269
9.7 Universal Nature and Local Crisis: Maketu Spit | 274
9.8 “Soft Is What We Can Do Ourselves”: Natureculture Restoration
as Employment Project for Māori Youth | 281
9.9 Working with Native Natures | 286
10. Understanding Nature, Making Waves:
Multipurpose Reefs | 287
10.1 The Dream of Artificial Surfing Breaks | 288
10.2 Towards Multifunctionality – A Soft Option? | 296
10.3 Working Economically: Artificial Reefs
as Coastal Development Projects | 301
10.4 The Future: Managed Advance? | 305
Conclusion: Working with Nature,
Making Coastal Naturecultures | 311
Bibliography | 319
List of Interviews | 353
Table of Figures | 355
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