Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe

It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences' systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In "Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe", the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemis...

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It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences' systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In "Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe", the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and botany intersected with mining, metallurgy, pharmacy, and gardening, materials were objects that crossed disciplines. Here, the contributors tell the stories of metals, clay, gunpowder, pigments, and foods, and thereby demonstrate the innovative practices of technical experts, the development of the consumer market, and the formation of the observational and experimental sciences in the early modern period. By exploring the hybrid expertise involved in the making, consumption, and promotion of various materials, the book offers an original perspective on important issues in the history of science, medicine, and technology.

Ursula Klein is senior research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and the author of Experiment, Models, Paper Tools: Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century.

E. C. Spary is a lecturer in the history of eighteenth-century medicine at the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine at University College, London, and the author of Utopia...

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Ursula Klein is senior research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and the author of Experiment, Models, Paper Tools: Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century.

E. C. Spary is a lecturer in the history of eighteenth-century medicine at the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine at University College, London, and the author of Utopia's Garden: French Natural History from Old Regime to Revolution.

Acknowledgments
1 Introduction: Why Materials?
Ursula Klein and E. C. Spary

Part 1 The Production of Materials
Introduction to Part 1
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Acknowledgments
1 Introduction: Why Materials?
Ursula Klein and E. C. Spary

Part 1 The Production of Materials
Introduction to Part 1
Ursula Klein

2 Vermilion, Mercury, Blood, and Lizards: Matter and Meaning in Metalworking
Pamela H. Smith

3 Ceramic Nature
Hanna Rose Shell

4 The Production of Silver, Copper, and Lead in the Harz Mountains from Late Medieval Times to the Onset of Industrialization
Christoph Bartels

5 Ink
Adrian Johns

6 Blending Technical Innovation and Learned Natural Knowledge: The Making of Ethers
Ursula Klein

Part 2 Materials in the Market Sphere
Introduction to Part 2
Ursula Klein

7 Enlightened Milk: Reshaping a Bodily Substance into a Chemical Object
Barbara Orland

8 The Sparkling Nectar of Spas; or, Mineral Water as a Medically Commodifiable Material in the Province, 1770–1805
Matthew D. Eddy

9 Liqueurs and the Luxury Marketplace in Eighteenth-Century Paris
E. C. Spary
Part 3 State Interventions
Introduction to Part 3
Ursula Klein

10 Economizing Agricultural Resources in the German Economic Enlightenment
Marcus Popplow

11 The Crisis of English Gunpowder in the Eighteenth Century
Seymour H. Mauskopf

12 Between Craft Routines and Academic Rules: Natural Dyestuffs and the “Art” of Dyeing in the Eighteenth Century
Agustí Nieto-Galan

Secondary Sources
Contributors
Index
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