p.57-80 Corporate welfare, social reform, and the regulation of sexuality

El Teniente miners's persistent efforts to build a union & the high level of labor turnover 
<=> Braden Copper Company' social control & its efforts to build a reliable and productive workforce: conveying values linked to the ideal of middle-class respectability and self-improvement
    a) material incentives: 
    - attendance bonus
    - awards for workers who reached a significantly long time of work 
    - improvement and expansion of housing
    b) social and cultural activities
goals: 
    1) to reform miners' everyday habits, replacing their disruptive leisure activities, e.g. drinking, gambling
    2) as an antidote to labor activism, e.g. social clubs as an alternative to the union
    3) to provide training for the labor force 
    4) most importantly, to restructure gender relations - domestication 
Domesticity promised men the possibility of acquiring the status, security, and authority of a middle-class head of household who enjoyed the rights of citizenship and patriarchical authority over his family. For women, domesticity would provide economic security for themselves and their children, social respectability, and an alternative to low-paying and grueling work as domestic servants, cooks, laundresses, and prostitutes.
regulation of sexualities:
    a) regulation with regard to the family & housing:
    - workers alone with a woman either to marry or to leave the camps and their jobs
    - prohibited from living with extended family members and relatives in the camps' housing
-->"modern", bourgeois nuclear family.
    - miners' personal lives constantly interfered by los serenos
     b) efforts to transform women from itinerant workers to housewives
such became women's responsibility: 
    1) making the most of her husband's wages
    2) maintaining their marriage
    - providing husband sexual pleasure
    - devoting herself to her appearance e.g. control of the body, physical activity, beauty contest
    - controlling emotions, following the authority of her husband
    3) producing and socializing the next generation of miners
duties for men:
    1) including his wife and children to plan for his future
    2) civic responsibilities with rights
    3) sense of belonging to nuclear families and to the nation
--> El Tenient became a model for active state intervention for Chilean social reformers
political background:
1920, Alessandri's victory
1924, military intervention, Alessandri resigned the presidency
1924-1925, a second military movement, Alessandri returned, implementation of social legislation, new constitution
-->however, state policy towards organized labor changed little
1925, Alessandri resigned in conflict with Ibáñez
1927, Ibáñez in presidency, labor legislation in 1924-1925 remained unenforced, repression on labor and the Left
1930, strike that turned into an uprising
-->the company's corporate welfare program failed to transform miners' work habits and patterns of sociability (p.79)
-->the state in the copper industry remained the same through 1920s as at the beginning of 19th century.
1927-1929, final surge of nitrate economy, hundreds of El Teniente workers moved to nitrate fields