章4 ICM - idealised cognitive model - 理想认知模型 p72 | 79 群集模式

本书的主要命题是，运用称之为理想认知模式(idealized cognitive model, ICM)的结构方法来组织我们的知识，而范畴结构和核型效应则是这个组织结构的副产品。我们所运用的种种有关认知模式的观点来自认知语言学，它有四个来源：
1 .菲尔墨(Fillmore 1982b)的框架语义学;
2 .莱考夫和约翰逊(Lakoff & Johnson 1980 )的隐喻、转喻理论；
3 .兰盖克(Langacker 1986 )的认知语法；
4 .福科尼耶(Fauconnier 1985 )的心理空间理论。
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p79  群集模式（cluster model）：核型效应的第二来源
"母亲”的概念是根据复杂模式形成的，是由许多单个认知模式组构成的群集模式。（没有一种定义能够包括所有的情况）
① 生育模式：生育过孩子的人是母亲。生育模式通常伴随遗传模式， 尽管从卵子和胚胎移植技术发展以来，生育模式和遗传模式并非总是吻合。
② 遗传模式：提供遗传物质的女性是母亲。
③ 养育模式：养育了孩子的成年女性是该孩子的母亲。
④ 婚姻模式：父亲的妻子是母亲。
⑤ 家系模式：最亲密的女性长辈是母亲。
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《Women, fire, and dangerous things》p7 best examples = prototypes 
《中国大百科全书》的解释  https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=154535&Type=bkzyb&SubID=45057 
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idealised cognitive model(also ICM) 
A theoretical construct developed by George Lakoff in order to account for the typicality effects uncovered by Prototype Theory. An ICM is a relatively stable mental representation that represents a ‘theory’ about some aspect of the world and to which words and other linguistic units can be relativised. In this respect, ICMs are similar to the notion of a frame, since both relate to relatively complex knowledge structures. However, while ICMs are rich in detail, they are ‘idealised’ because they abstract across a range of experiences rather than representing specific instances of a given experience. For instance, the lexical concept[bachelor] is understood with respect to a marriage ICM which includes schematic information relating a marriage age, a marriage ceremony, the social, legal, religious and moral dimensions and responsibilities associated with marriage, the participants involved in marriage and the conditions governing their status before and after the event of the marriage ceremony, different events associated with the trajectory of marriage, including the marriage ceremony itself, venues for performing the marriage ceremony, and so forth. According to Lakoff, ICMs are employed in cognitive processes such as categorisation and reasoning. As ICMs constitute coherent bodies of knowledge representation, the way they are structured is organised in various ways. These include being organised by virtue of the image schema, metaphor and metonymy. ICMs are also employed in order to structure mental spaces during online meaning construction. This is achieved via a process known as schema induction.(See also cluster model, metonymic ICM.)
——来自Vyvyan Evans《A glossary of cognitive linguistics》 2007：104