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心理魏老师 (爱 自由 创造)
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[PEP] This page can be read in German in GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, Page 113
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压抑,症状和焦虑
第一部分
在对病理现象的描述中,语言的使用使我们能够区分症状和禁忌,而不重视区别。事实上,我们可能很难认为区分这两者是值得的,不是因为我们遇到了疾病我们观察到的是抑制的存在而不是症状,并且好奇地知道原因。
这两个概念不在同一平面上。抑制与功能有特殊关系。它不一定有病态的暗示。我们可以很好地把一个函数的正常限制称为抑制它。另一方面,症状实际上指的是某些病理过程的存在。因此,抑制也可能是一种症状。语言的使用,然后,当有一个简单的功能下降时,使用“抑制”这个词,当一个功能发生了一些不寻常的变化或出现新的现象时,症状就出现了。通常情况下,无论我们是否强调病理过程的积极面,并将其结果称为症状,或其消极的一面,并将其结果称为抑制,这似乎是相当武断的。但所有这些都没什么意义;问题就像我们说的那样,它并没有把我们带到很远的地方。
由于抑制的概念与功能的概念是如此紧密地联系在一起,所以研究自我的各种功能可能有助于发现自我的各种功能,从而发现这些功能的任何干扰都是在每个不同的神经质情感中所呈现出来的。让我们来挑选一项比较研究,研究这类人的性功能和饮食、运动和专业工作。
(a)性功能容易引起大量的干扰,其中大多数都表现出简单的禁忌特征。这些被归类为精神上的无能。性功能正常的表现只能出现。
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由于一个非常复杂的过程的结果,并且扰动可能出现在它的任何一点。在男性中,抑制发生的主要阶段表现为:在过程的开始阶段,性欲的消失(心理上的不愉快);缺乏身体准备(缺乏勃起);性行为的节略(射精),一种可能同样被认为是症状的发生;在未达到其自然结论(没有射精)之前对该行为进行逮捕;或者是心理结果的不出现(缺乏高潮的快感)。其他的干扰来自于性功能变得依赖于反常或恋物性的特殊条件。
抑制和焦虑之间的关系是很明显的。一些禁忌显然代表了一种功能的重新恢复,因为它的运动会产生焦虑。许多女人公开地害怕性功能。我们把这种焦虑置于歇斯底里之下,就像我们在做厌恶的防御症状一样,最初是对被动的性行为的延迟反应,之后出现这种行为的想法。此外,许多强迫行为被证明是预防和防范性经验的措施,因此具有恐怖性。
这不是很有启发性。我们只能注意到性功能的干扰是由各种各样的手段引起的。(1)力比多可能只是被拒绝(这似乎是最容易产生我们认为的抑制纯粹和简单的);(2)功能可能较差;(三)有附加条件或者被转移到其他目的的,可以阻碍其发展;(四)可以采取安全措施防止;(5)如果不能阻止,可能会立即被焦虑的出现所打断;(6)如果仍然执行,则可能会有反对它的后续反应,并试图撤销已经完成的工作。
(b)营养的功能最常被不愿进食的人所扰乱,这是由于性欲的丧失。增加食欲也是一件很平常的事。吃东西的冲动是由于害怕挨饿;但这是一个很少被研究的课题。的
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呕吐的症状被我们称为是对进食的歇斯底里的防御。因为焦虑而拒绝吃东西是精神病状态的伴随物(被毒害的错觉)。
(c)在某些神经质的情况下,运动是由于不愿意走路或走弱而受到抑制的。在癔症中,将会有瘫痪的运动器械,或这一特殊功能的器械将被废除(亚洲)。特别是特征是由于某些规定的不遵守导致焦虑(恐怖症)而出现在运动中增加的困难。
(d)在工作中抑制工作——这是我们在治疗工作中经常需要处理的一种孤立的症状——在这种情况下,他感到自己的快乐减少了,或者做得不好;或者他对它有一定的反应,如疲劳、晕眩或疾病,如果他有责任继续下去的话。如果他是一个歇斯底里的人,他将不得不放弃他的工作,因为出现了有机和功能性瘫痪,这使他不可能进行它。如果他是一个强迫症患者,他将会永远被工作分心,或者因为延迟和重复而失去时间。
我们的调查也可以扩展到其他功能;但这样做就没有什么可学的了。因为我们不应该深入到所呈现给我们的现象的表面之下。然后,让我们用这种方式来描述抑制,让我们对它的含义毫无疑问,并说抑制是一种自我功能的限制的表达。这种限制本身就有非常不同的原因。我们对这种放弃功能所涉及的一些机制是众所周知的,这是一种支配它的一般目的。
这个目的在特定的禁忌中更容易辨认。分析表明,当像弹钢琴、写作、甚至走路这样的活动都受到了神经质的抑制,这是因为身体的器官——手指或腿——已经变得过于强烈地被侵蚀了。它被发现是一个普遍的事实,一个器官的自我功能受损如果它的性欲——它的性意义——增加了。它的行为,如果我可以被允许一个相当荒谬的类比,像一个女仆拒绝继续烹饪。
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很有启发性的例子,这种强烈的,虽然短暂的,一般的抑制。这个病人,一个强迫症患者,过去常常被麻痹的疲劳所克服,这种疲劳持续了一个或更多天,一旦发生什么事情,很明显会使他愤怒。我们这里有一个观点,它应该能够理解普遍抑制的情况,这是抑郁症的特征,包括最严重的抑郁症,忧郁症。
至于禁忌,我们可以得出结论,它们是自我的功能的限制,它要么是作为预防措施,要么是由于能源的贫乏造成的;我们可以毫不困难地看到,在什么方面,抑制与症状是不同的:因为症状不能再被描述为在自我内发生或作用的过程。
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[PEP]这一页可以用德语在GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14,第116页。
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II
二世
症状形成的主要特征已经被研究很久了,我希望这是毋庸置疑的。一种症状是一种本能的满足,而这种满足一直处于停顿状态;这是镇压过程的结果。压抑自我latter-it可能时所得的命令superego-refuses将自己与一个本能的投注了id。自我是可以通过镇压保持车辆应受谴责的冲动的想法变得有意识。分析表明,这种想法通常是无意识形成的。
到目前为止,一切似乎都很清楚;但我们很快就遇到了尚未解决的困难。到目前为止,我们对在压抑中发生的事情的描述已经在这一点上造成了很大的压力,使人无法意识到这一点。但它也给不确定性留下了其他的点。产生的一个问题是,本能冲动发生了什么,它在id中被激活了,并寻求满足?答案是间接的。正是由于压抑的过程,原本期望从满足中得到的乐趣变成了不愉快。但我们当时面临的问题是,本能的满足感如何产生不愉快。我认为,如果我们致力于明确的声明,即由于压抑的结果,在本id中兴奋过程的预期过程根本不会发生,那么整个事情就可以澄清了。自我的成功在于抑制或转移它。如果这是如此,那么在压制下的“情感转换”问题就会消失。与此同时,这一观点意味着对自我的让步,它可以发挥非常广泛的作用。
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[PEP]这一页可以用德语在GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, 118页。
1[举例来说,三篇论文(1905d),标准Ed., 7,164]。
2(Cf。“镇压”(1915d),标准Ed, 14,147。
这个问题有很长的路要走。例如,参见1896年12月6日的一封信(弗洛伊德,1950年,第52号)。佛洛伊德在“Dora”案例历史(1905e)中讨论了这个问题,标准Ed, 7,28 -9,其中一个编辑的脚注给出了许多其他的关于这个主题的参考。在1925年弗洛伊德在《超越快乐原则》(1920g)中添加了一份简短的脚注,说明了目前的解决方案,标准Ed, 18, 11。]
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influence over processes in the id, and we shall have to find out in what way it is able to develop such surprising powers.
It seems to me that the ego obtains this influence in virtue of its intimate connections with the perceptual system—connections which, as we know, constitute its essence and provide the basis of its differentiation from the id. The function of this system, which we have called Pcpt.-Cs., is bound up with the phenomenon of consciousness.1 It receives excitations not only from outside but from within, and endeavours, by means of the sensations of pleasure and unpleasure which reach it from these quarters, to direct the course of mental events in accordance with the pleasure principle. We are very apt to think of the ego as powerless against the id; but when it is opposed to an instinctual process in the id it has only to give a ‘signal of unpleasure’2 in order to attain its object with the aid of that almost omnipotent institution, the pleasure principle. To take this situation by itself for a moment, we can illustrate it by an example from another field. Let us imagine a country in which a certain small faction objects to a proposed measure the passage of which would have the support of the masses. This minority obtains command of the press and by its help manipulates the supreme arbiter, ‘public opinion’, and so succeeds in preventing the measure from being passed.
But this explanation opens up fresh problems. Where does the energy come from which is employed for giving the signal of unpleasure? Here we may be assisted by the idea that a defence against an unwelcome internal process will be modelled upon the defence adopted against an external stimulus, that the ego wards off internal and external dangers alike along identical lines. In the case of external danger the organism has recourse to attempts at flight. The first thing it does is to withdraw cathexis from the perception of the dangerous object; later on it discovers that it is a better plan to perform muscular movements of such a sort as will render perception of the dangerous object impossible even in the absence of any refusal to perceive it—that it is a better plan, that is, to remove itself from the sphere of danger. Repression is an equivalent of this attempt at flight. The ego withdraws its (preconscious)
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[PEP] This page can be read in German in GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, Page 119
1 [Cf. Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920g), Standard Ed., 18, 24.]
2 [See Editor's Introduction, p. 83.]
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对id过程的影响,我们必须找出它能够发展出如此惊人的能力的方式。
在我看来,自我在与知觉系统连接的密切联系中获得了这种影响,正如我们所知,它构成了它的本质,并提供了它与id的区别的基础。我们称之为pcptc . c的系统的功能。,与意识现象密切相关。它不仅从外界获得兴奋,而且从内部获得快感和不愉快的感觉,并根据快乐原则指导精神活动的过程。我们很容易把自我看成是对身份的无能为力;但是,当它反对一个本能的过程时,它只会发出“不愉快的信号”,以达到它的目的,借助那几乎无所不能的机构,快乐原则。我们可以用另一个领域的例子来说明这个情况。让我们想象一个国家,在这个国家里,某一小派别反对一项拟议的措施,它将得到群众的支持。这一小部分人获得了媒体的控制,并通过操纵最高仲裁者“舆论”,从而成功地阻止了该措施的通过。
但这种解释带来了新的问题。从哪里来的能量被用来发出不愉快的信号呢?在这里,我们可能会得到这样一种观点,即防御不受欢迎的内部进程将以防御外部刺激采取的防御为模型,即以同样的方式,自我保护内部和外部的危险。在外部危险的情况下,有机体可以求助于逃跑的尝试。它做的第一件事就是从对危险物体的知觉中取出导管;后来发现它是一个更好的计划执行等一种肌肉的运动将使感知危险的对象不可能即使没有任何拒绝的感知——这是一个更好的计划,那就是,把自己从危险的领域。镇压相当于这次飞行的尝试。自我撤回了它(前意识)
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[PEP]这一页可以用德语写在GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14,第119页。
1(Cf。超越快乐原则(1920g),标准Ed., 18,24。]
2[见编辑简介,第83页]
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cathexis from the instinctual representative1 that is to be repressed and uses that cathexis for the purpose of releasing unpleasure (anxiety). The problem of how anxiety arises in connection with repression may be no simple one; but we may legitimately hold firmly to the idea that the ego is the actual seat of anxiety and give up our earlier view that the cathectic energy of the repressed impulse is automatically turned into anxiety. If I expressed myself earlier in the latter sense, I was giving a phenomenological description and not a metapsychological account of what was occurring.
This brings us to a further question: how is it possible, from an economic point of view, for a mere process of withdrawal and discharge, like the withdrawing of a preconscious ego-cathexis, to produce unpleasure or anxiety, seeing that, according to our assumptions, unpleasure and anxiety can only arise as a result of an increase in cathexis? The reply is that this causal sequence should not be explained from an economic point of view. Anxiety is not newly created in repression; it is reproduced as an affective state in accordance with an already existing mnemic image. If we go further and enquire into the origin of that anxiety—and of affects in general—we shall be leaving the realm of pure psychology and entering the borderland of physiology. Affective states have become incorporated in the mind as precipitates of primaeval traumatic experiences, and when a similar situation occurs they are revived like mnemic symbols.2 I do not think I have been wrong in likening them to the more recent and individually acquired hysterical attack and in regarding them as its normal prototypes.3 In man and the higher animals it would seem that the act of birth, as the individual's first experience of anxiety, has given the affect of anxiety certain characteristic forms of expression. But, while acknowledging this connection, we must not lay undue stress on it nor overlook the fact that biological necessity demands
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[PEP] This page can be read in German in GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, Page 120
1 [I.e. what represents the instinct in the mind. This term is fully discussed in the Editor's Note to ‘Instincts and their Vicissitudes’ (1915c), Standard Ed., 14, 111 ff.]
2 [This term was used by Freud throughout the Studies on Hysteria (1895d) in explaining hysterical symptoms. See, for instance, Standard Ed., 2, 297. A very clear account of the concept will be found in the first of the Five Lectures (1910a), Standard Ed., 11, 16 f.]
3 [See the Editor's Introduction, p. 84 and also below, pp. 133-4.]
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这是一种本能的表达方式,它被压抑,并利用它来释放不愉快(焦虑)。与压抑有关的焦虑可能不是简单的问题;但是我们可以合理地坚持认为自我是焦虑的真正的座位,放弃我们先前的观点,即被压抑的冲动的宣泄能量会自动变成焦虑。如果我从后一种意义上说,我是在给一种现象学的描述而不是对正在发生的事物的心理上的描述。
这给我们带来了一个进一步的问题:怎么可能,从经济的角度来看,只撤军和放电的过程,像的撤军前意识的自我投注,产生不愉快或焦虑,看见这一幕,根据我们的假设,不愉快和焦虑只会出现由于增加投注吗?回答是,这个因果顺序不应该从经济学的角度来解释。焦虑不是在压抑中新产生的;它是根据已经存在的mnemic图像来复制作为一个情感状态。如果我们更进一步,探究这一焦虑的起源,以及在一般情况下的影响,我们将离开纯粹心理学的领域,进入生理学的边缘。情感状态已经成为精神创伤经历的沉淀,当类似的情况发生时,它们就像mnemic符号一样重新出现。我认为我没有错误地把他们比作最近的和个别的歇斯底里的攻击,并把他们当作正常的原型。在人类和高等动物中,作为个体的第一次焦虑经历,出生的行为似乎给焦虑带来了某种特定的表现形式。但是,在承认这一联系的同时,我们不能过分强调它,也不能忽视生物必要性的要求。
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[PEP]这一页可以用德语在GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14,第120页。
1(即。什么代表了头脑中的本能。这一术语在编者按的“本能和他们的变迁”(1915c)中得到了充分的讨论,标准的Ed, 14, 111 ff。
2 .弗洛伊德在解释歇斯底里症状的研究中使用了这一术语(1895d)。比如,标准Ed, 2,297。关于这一概念的一个非常清楚的解释将在五堂课的第一节(1910a)中找到,标准的Ed., 11, 16 f。
3[参见编辑的引言,第84页,下面是第133-4页]。
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that a situation of danger should have an affective symbol, so that a symbol of this kind would have to be created in any case. Moreover, I do not think that we are justified in assuming that whenever there is an outbreak of anxiety something like a reproduction of the situation of birth goes on in the mind. It is not even certain whether hysterical attacks, though they were originally traumatic reproductions of this sort, retain that character permanently.
As I have shown elsewhere, most of the repressions with which we have to deal in our therapeutic work are cases of after-pressure.1 They presuppose the operation of earlier, primal repressions which exert an attraction on the more recent situation. Far too little is known as yet about the background and preliminary stages of repression. There is a danger of overestimating the part played in repression by the super-ego. We cannot at present say whether it is perhaps the emergence of the super-ego which provides the line of demarcation between primal repression and after-pressure. At any rate, the earliest outbreaks of anxiety, which are of a very intense kind, occur before the super-ego has become differentiated. It is highly probable that the immediate precipitating causes of primal repressions are quantitative factors such as an excessive force of excitation and the breaking through of the protective shield against stimuli.2
This mention of the protective shield sounds a note which recalls to us the fact that repression occurs in two different situations—namely, when an undesirable instinctual impulse is aroused by some external perception, and when it arises internally without any such provocation. We shall return to this difference later [p. 156]. But the protective shield exists only in regard to external stimuli, not in regard to internal instinctual demands.
So long as we direct our attention to the ego's attempt at flight we shall get no nearer to the subject of symptom-formation. A symptom arises from an instinctual impulse which has been detrimentally affected by repression. If the ego, by making use of the signal of unpleasure, attains its object of completely suppressing the instinctual impulse, we learn nothing of how
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[PEP] This page can be read in German in GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, Page 121
1 [See ‘Repression’ (1915d), Standard Ed., 14, 148.]
2 [Cf. Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920g), Standard Ed., 18, 27 ff.]
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危险的情况应该有一个情感的符号,所以在任何情况下都必须创造这种符号。此外,我不认为我们有理由认为,每当有一种焦虑爆发时,就会有一种类似于生育的情况发生在头脑中。甚至不确定是否歇斯底里的攻击,尽管他们最初是这种创伤性的复制品,保留了这个角色。
正如我在其他地方所展示的,我们在治疗工作中所要处理的大部分压抑都是在压力下的。他们预先假定了早期的、原始的抑制作用对最近的情况有吸引力。对于镇压的背景和初步阶段,我们还知之甚少。有一种危险是高估了超我所扮演的角色。我们现在不能说,也许是超我的出现,它提供了原始压迫和后压力之间的界限。无论如何,在超自我分化之前,最早期的焦虑爆发,是一种非常强烈的焦虑。极有可能的是,原发性压抑的直接诱因是数量因素,如过度的兴奋力和冲破刺激的防护盾。
这一提到保护盾的声音让我们想起了这样一个事实:压抑发生在两种不同的情境中,即当一种不受欢迎的本能冲动被一些外界感知所激发,而当它在内部产生时,却没有任何这种挑衅。我们稍后将回到这一差异[p]。156]。但保护盾只存在于外部刺激,而不是内在本能需求。
只要我们注意到自我在飞行中的尝试,我们就不会接近于症状的形成。一种症状源自一种本能的冲动,这种冲动受到压抑的损害。如果自我,通过利用不愉快的信号,达到完全抑制本能冲动的目的,我们就什么也学不到。
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[PEP]这一页可以用德语在GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14,第121页。
1(参见“镇压”(1915d),标准Ed, 14148。]
2(Cf。超越快乐原则(1920g),标准Ed., 18, 27 ff。]
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this has happened. We can only find out about it from those cases in which repression must be described as having to a greater or less extent failed. In this event the position, generally speaking, is that the instinctual impulse has found a substitute in spite of repression, but a substitute which is very much reduced, displaced and inhibited and which is no longer recognizable as a satisfaction. And when the substitutive impulse is carried out there is no sensation of pleasure; its carrying out has, instead, the quality of a compulsion.
In thus degrading a process of satisfaction to a symptom, repression displays its power in a further respect. The substitutive process is prevented, if possible, from finding discharge through motility; and even if this cannot be done, the process is forced to expend itself in making alterations in the subject's own body and is not permitted to impinge upon the external world. It must not be transformed into action. For, as we know, in repression the ego is operating under the influence of external reality and therefore it debars the substitutive process from having any effect upon that reality.
Just as the ego controls the path to action in regard to the external world, so it controls access to consciousness. In repression it exercises its power in both directions, acting in the one manner upon the instinctual impulse itself and in the other upon the [psychical] representative of that impulse. At this point it is relevant to ask how I can reconcile this acknowledgement of the might of the ego with the description of its position which I gave in The Ego and the Id. In that book I drew a picture of its dependent relationship to the id and to the superego and revealed how powerless and apprehensive it was in regard to both and with what an effort it maintained its show of superiority over them.1 This view has been widely echoed in psycho-analytic literature. Many writers have laid much stress on the weakness of the ego in relation to the id and of our rational elements in the face of the daemonic forces within us; and they display a strong tendency to make what I have said into a corner-stone of a psycho-analytic Weltanschauung. Yet surely the psycho-analyst, with his knowledge of the way in which repression works, should, of all people, be restrained from adopting such an extreme and one-sided view.
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1 [The Ego and the Id (1923b), Chapter V.]
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这已经发生了。我们只能从这些情况中找到它,在这种情况下,必须将压迫描述成或多或少的失败。在这一事件中,一般来说,这一立场是本能冲动已经找到了一种替代,尽管压抑,但它是一种非常减少、流离失所和抑制的替代品,它不再被认为是一种满足。当替代冲动进行时,没有快感的感觉;相反,它的实施有一种强制的性质。
在这样的情况下,对一种症状的满意的过程中,压抑会在进一步的尊重中显示它的力量。如果可能的话,可以通过运动来阻止替代过程;即使无法做到这一点,这一过程也会被迫花费在对主体自身进行改造上,而不允许对外部世界施加影响。它不能转化为行动。因为,正如我们所知道的,在压抑中,自我是在外部现实的影响下运作的,因此它将取代的过程从对现实的任何影响中去除。
正如自我控制着外部世界的行动路径,它控制着对意识的访问。在压抑中,它在两个方向上行使它的力量,以一种方式表现在本能冲动上,另一种则是冲动的(心理)代表。此时相关问我如何调和这确认可能的自我描述的位置在自我和我给的Id。那本书我画了它的依赖关系Id和超我和揭示出无能为力,担心在两个方面,与它们的努力保持它的优势。这种观点在心理分析文学中得到了广泛的认同。许多作家都强调了自我的弱点,与我们内在的道德力量有关的身份和理性元素的关系;他们表现出一种强烈的倾向,把我所说的话变成了心理分析世界观的基石。然而,这位精神分析学家,在他对镇压工作方式的认识中,应该对所有人都不应采取这种极端和片面的观点。
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1[自我与Id (1923b),第v章]
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I must confess that I am not at all partial to the fabrication of Weltanschauungen.1 Such activities may be left to philosophers, who avowedly find it impossible to make their journey through life without a Baedeker of that kind to give them information on every subject. Let us humbly accept the contempt with which they look down on us from the vantage-ground of their superior needs. But since we cannot forgo our narcissistic pride either, we will draw comfort from the reflection that such ‘Handbooks to Life’ soon grow out of date and that it is precisely our short-sighted, narrow and finicky work which obliges them to appear in new editions, and that even the most up-to-date of them are nothing but attempts to find a substitute for the ancient, useful and all-sufficient Church Catechism. We know well enough how little light science has so far been able to throw on the problems that surround us. But however much ado the philosophers may make, they cannot alter the situation. Only patient, persevering research, in which everything is subordinated to the one requirement of certainty, can gradually bring about a change. The benighted traveller may sing aloud in the dark to deny his own fears; but, for all that, he will not see an inch further beyond his nose.
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1 [Cf. a prolonged discussion of this in the last of Freud's New Introductory Lectures (1933a).]
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我必须承认,我一点也不喜欢制造Weltanschauungen.1这类活动可能留给哲学家们,他们公开地发现,如果没有这类人的帮助,他们就不可能在人生的旅途中,给他们提供关于每一门学科的信息。让我们谦恭地接受他们轻视我们的蔑视,从他们优越的需要的有利地位来看我们。但由于我们不能放弃我们的自恋的骄傲,我们将感到欣慰反射,这样的“生活手册”很快变得过时,正是我们的目光短浅,狭窄和挑剔的工作要求他们出现在新的版本,其中,即使是最新的除了试图找到古代的替代品,有用和牢狱中唱出教会教义问答。我们很清楚,迄今为止,光科学还不能解决我们周围的问题。但是不管哲学家们怎么想,他们都不能改变现状。只有耐心、坚持不懈的研究,一切都服从于确定性的要求,才能逐渐带来改变。愚昧的旅行者可能会在黑暗中大声歌唱,否认自己的恐惧;但是,尽管如此,他不会再看到他的鼻子之外的距离。
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1(Cf。在弗洛伊德的新入门课(1933a)的最后一节中,对此进行了长时间的讨论。
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III
To return to the problem of the ego.1 The apparent contradiction is due to our having taken abstractions too rigidly and attended exclusively now to the one side and now to the other of what is in fact a complicated state of affairs. We were justified, I think, in dividing the ego from the id, for there are certain considerations which necessitate that step. On the other hand the ego is identical with the id, and is merely a specially differentiated part of it. If we think of this part by itself in contradistinction to the whole, or if a real split has occurred between the two, the weakness of the ego becomes apparent. But if the ego remains bound up with the id and indistinguishable from it, then it displays its strength. The same is true of the relation between the ego and the super-ego. In many situations the two are merged; and as a rule we can only distinguish one from the other when there is a tension or conflict between them. In repression the decisive fact is that the ego is an organization and the id is not. The ego is, indeed, the organized portion of the id. We should be quite wrong if we pictured the ego and the id as two opposing camps and if we supposed that, when the ego tries to suppress a part of the id by means of repression, the remainder of the id comes to the rescue of the endangered part and measures its strength with the ego. This may often be what happens, but it is certainly not the initial situation in repression. As a rule the instinctual impulse which is to be repressed remains isolated. Although the act of repression demonstrates the strength of the ego, in one particular it reveals the ego's powerlessness and how impervious to influence are the separate instinctual impulses of the id. For the mental process which has been turned into a symptom owing to repression now maintains its existence outside the organization of the ego and independently of it. Indeed, it is not that process alone but all its derivatives which enjoy, as it were, this same privilege of extra-territoriality; and whenever they come into associative contact with a part of the ego-organization, it is not at all certain that they will
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1 [I.e. the contrast between its strength and weakness in relation to the id.]
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三世
回到自我的问题。表面上的矛盾是由于我们过于拘泥于抽象的观念,而现在只专注于某一方面,而现在则是一种复杂的事态。我认为,我们把自我和身份区分开来是有道理的,因为有一些必要的考虑,这就需要这个步骤。另一方面,自我与id相同,只是它的一个特殊区分部分。如果我们把这部分看作是对整体的对比,或者如果两者之间发生了真正的分裂,自我的弱点就变得明显了。但是,如果自我仍然与id绑定在一起,并且无法区分,那么它就显示了它的力量。自我和超我之间的关系也是如此。在许多情况下,两者合并;一般来说,当他们之间有紧张或冲突的时候,我们只能将他们区别开来。在压抑中,决定性的事实是自我是一个组织,而身份不是。自我确实是有组织的部分id。我们应该很错的如果我们见《自我与本我为两个敌对的阵营,如果我们认为,当自我试图抑制id通过镇压的一部分,剩余的id来拯救濒临灭绝的一部分和措施与自我的力量。这可能经常发生,但这肯定不是镇压的最初情况。作为一个规则,被压抑的本能冲动仍然是孤立的。尽管镇压的行为展示了自我的力量,在一个特定的它揭示了自我的无力和不受影响的独立的本能冲动的id。心理过程已变成了现在由于压迫症状保持自我和独立的组织之外的存在。事实上,这并不是仅仅是一个过程,而是它所有的衍生品,正如它所享有的,这是一种额外领土的特权;无论何时,当他们与自我组织的某个部分接触时,他们肯定不会。
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1(即。它的强度和弱点与身份证的对比。]
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not draw that part over to themselves and thus enlarge themselves at the expense of the ego. An analogy with which we have long been familiar compared a symptom to a foreign body which was keeping up a constant succession of stimuli and reactions in the tissue in which it was embedded.1 It does sometimes happen that the defensive struggle against an unwelcome instinctual impulse is brought to an end with the formation of a symptom. As far as can be seen, this is most often possible in hysterical conversion. But usually the outcome is different. The initial act of repression is followed by a tedious or interminable sequel in which the struggle against the instinctual impulse is prolonged into a struggle against the symptom.
In this secondary defensive struggle the ego presents two faces with contradictory expressions. The one line of behaviour it adopts springs from the fact that its very nature obliges it to make what must be regarded as an attempt at restoration or reconciliation. The ego is an organization. It is based on the maintenance of free intercourse and of the possibility of reciprocal influence between all its parts. Its desexualized energy still shows traces of its origin in its impulsion to bind together and unify, and this necessity to synthesize grows stronger in proportion as the strength of the ego increases. It is therefore only natural that the ego should try to prevent symptoms from remaining isolated and alien by using every possible method to bind them to itself in one way or another, and to incorporate them into its organization by means of those bonds. As we know, a tendency of this kind is already operative in the very act of forming a symptom. A classical instance of this are those hysterical symptoms which have been shown to be a compromise between the need for satisfaction and the need for punishment.2 Such symptoms participate in the ego from the very beginning, since they fulfil a requirement of the super-ego, while on the other hand they represent positions occupied by the repressed and points at which an irruption has been made by it into the
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1 [This analogy is discussed and criticized in Freud's contribution to Studies on Hysteria (1895d), Standard Ed., 2, 290-1. It appeared originally in the ‘Preliminary Communication’ (1893a), Standard Ed., 6.]
2 [This idea was foreshadowed in Section II of Freud's second paper on ‘The Neuro-Psychoses of Defence’ (1896b).]
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不要把那部分画在自己身上,这样就扩大了自己,损害了自我。我们长期以来所熟悉的一个类比是,将症状与异物相比较,而异物在其嵌入的组织中不断地不断地刺激和反应。有时,一种不受欢迎的本能冲动的防御斗争随着症状的形成而结束。就我们所知,这是最常见的歇斯底里转化。但通常情况会有所不同。在最初的镇压行动之后,随之而来的是冗长乏味或没完没了的续作,在这一过程中,与本能冲动的斗争持续到对抗症状的斗争中。
在这种次要的防御斗争中,自我呈现出两张相矛盾的表情。它采取的一种行为是源于这样一个事实,即它的本性迫使它作出必须被认为是试图恢复或和解的企图。自我是一个组织。它是建立在维持自由交往和所有各部分相互影响的可能性的基础上的。它的脱除能量仍然显示它的原发源于它的冲动,以结合和统一,而这一必要的综合随着自我的力量的增加而变得越来越强。因此,自我应该设法通过各种可能的方法,以一种或另一种方式将其束缚在自己身上,并通过这些纽带将其纳入组织,这是很自然的。正如我们所知,这种趋势在形成症状的过程中已经起作用了。一个典型的例子是那些歇斯底里的症状,这些症状被证明是需要满足和惩罚的需要之间的妥协。这样的症状从一开始就参与到自我中,因为他们满足了超我的要求,而另一方面,他们代表被压抑者所占据的位置,而这些位置是由它进入的。
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1[这一类比在佛洛伊德对癔病研究的贡献(1895d),标准Ed, 2,290 -1中进行了讨论和批评。它最初出现在“初步沟通”(1893a),标准Ed., 6。
2[这一观点在弗洛伊德第二篇关于“防御神经-精神-心理疾病”(1896b)的第二篇文章中有所预示。]
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ego-organization. They are a kind of frontier-station with a mixed garrison.1 (Whether all primary hysterical symptoms are constructed on these lines would be worth enquiring into very carefully.) The ego now proceeds to behave as though it recognized that the symptom had come to stay and that the only thing to do was to accept the situation in good part and draw as much advantage from it as possible. It makes an adaptation to the symptom—to this piece of the internal world which is alien to it—just as it normally does to the real external world. It can always find plenty of opportunities for doing so. The presence of a symptom may entail a certain impairment of capacity, and this can be exploited to appease some demand on the part of the super-ego or to refuse some claim from the external world. In this way the symptom gradually comes to be the representative of important interests; it is found to be useful in asserting the position of the self and becomes more and more closely merged with the ego and more and more indispensable to it. It is only very rarely that the physical process of ‘healing’ round a foreign body follows such a course as this. There is a danger, too, of exaggerating the importance of a secondary adaptation of this kind to a symptom, and of saying that the ego has created the symptom merely in order to enjoy its advantages. It would be equally true to say that a man who had lost his leg in the war had got it shot away so that he might thence-forward live on his pension without having to do any more work.
In obsessional neurosis and paranoia the forms which the symptoms assume become very valuable to the ego because they obtain for it, not certain advantages, but a narcissistic satisfaction which it would otherwise be without. The systems which the obsessional neurotic constructs flatter his self-love by making him feel that he is better than other people because he is specially cleanly or specially conscientious. The delusional constructions of the paranoic offer to his acute perceptive and imaginative powers a field of activity which he could not easily find elsewhere.
All of this results in what is familiar to us as the ‘(secondary)
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1 [There is an allusion in this metaphor to the fact that ‘Besetzung’, the German word for ‘cathexis’, can also have the sense of ‘garrison’.]
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ego-organization。他们是一种有混合驻军的前沿阵地。1(是否所有主要的歇斯底里症状都是在这些线路上构建的,值得仔细研究。)自我现在开始表现得好像它意识到症状已经来了,唯一要做的就是接受好的情况并尽可能多地利用它。它是对这个内在世界的一种适应——对它来说是陌生的——就像它通常对真实的外部世界所做的一样。它总能找到很多这样做的机会。症状的出现可能会造成一定的能力损害,这可以用来满足超我的部分需求或者拒绝外部世界的某些要求。在这种情况下,症状逐渐成为重要利益的代表;它被发现有助于确立自我的地位,并与自我越来越紧密地融合在一起,并且越来越不可缺少。只有很少的情况下,一个异物的“愈合”的物理过程遵循这样的过程。也有一种危险,夸大了对这种症状的二次适应的重要性,并说自我创造了症状仅仅是为了享受它的好处。同样可以这样说,在战争中失去一条腿的人已经被枪杀了,这样他就可以依靠自己的养老金生活,而不必再做任何工作。
在强迫性神经官能症和偏执狂中,症状的表现形式对自我非常有价值,因为他们获得了它,而不是某些好处,而是一种自恋的满足,而这种满足本来是没有的。那些强迫症患者通过让他觉得自己比别人更好的方式来美化他的自爱,因为他特别干净或特别尽责。对他敏锐的洞察力和想象力的妄想型结构,是他在别处无法轻易找到的活动领域。
所有这些都导致了我们所熟悉的“(次要的)”
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在这个比喻中,有一种暗示,即“Besetzung”,德语中的“投注”,也有“驻军”的意思。
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gain from illness’ which follows a neurosis.1 This gain comes to the assistance of the ego in its endeavour to incorporate the symptom and increases the symptom's fixation. When the analyst tries subsequently to help the ego in its struggle against the symptom, he finds that these conciliatory bonds between ego and symptom operate on the side of the resistances and that they are not easy to loosen.
The two lines of behaviour which the ego adopts towards the symptom are in fact directly opposed to each other. For the other line is less friendly in character, since it continues in the direction of repression. Nevertheless the ego, it appears, cannot be accused of inconsistency. Being of a peaceable disposition it would like to incorporate the symptom and make it part of itself. It is from the symptom itself that the trouble comes. For the symptom, being the true substitute for and derivative of the repressed impulse, carries on the role of the latter; it continually renews its demands for satisfaction and thus obliges the ego in its turn to give the signal of unpleasure and put itself in a posture of defence.
The secondary defensive struggle against the symptom takes many shapes. It is fought out on different fields and makes use of a variety of methods. We shall not be able to say much about it until we have made an enquiry into the various different instances of symptom-formation. In doing this we shall have an opportunity of going into the problem of anxiety—a problem which has long been looming in the background. The wisest plan will be to start from the symptoms produced by the hysterical neurosis; for we are not as yet in a position to consider the conditions in which the symptoms of obsessional neurosis, paranoia and other neuroses are formed.
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1 [A full discussion of this was given in Lecture XXIV of the Introductory Lectures (1916-17).]
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因病而得的疾病,由神经症引起。这一好处是在自我的帮助下,努力结合症状和增加症状的固定。当分析家试图帮助自我在对抗症状的斗争中,他发现自我和症状之间的这些调和的纽带作用于抵抗的一方,并且他们不容易放松。
自我对症状所采取的两行行为实际上是直接对立的。因为另一条线在性格上不那么友好,因为它继续朝着压抑的方向发展。然而,自我似乎不能被指责为不一致。作为一种和平的性格,它想要把这种症状结合起来,使之成为自己的一部分。问题出在症状本身。作为被压抑的冲动的真正的替代品和派生的症状,它的作用是后者;它不断地更新它对满足的要求,从而迫使自我在它的回合中发出不愉快的信号,并使自己处于防御姿态。
对症状的二次防御斗争有多种形式。它在不同的领域进行了斗争,并利用了各种方法。在我们对症状形成的各种不同情况进行调查之前,我们不能对此多说。在这样做的时候,我们将有机会进入焦虑的问题——这个问题长期以来一直在背景中隐现。最明智的计划是从歇斯底里的神经症产生的症状开始;因为我们还没有考虑到强迫神经症、偏执狂和其他神经症的症状形成的条件。
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1[在绪论课(1916-17)的第XXIV课上,对这一问题进行了充分的讨论。]
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IV
Let us start with an infantile hysterical phobia of animals—for instance, the case of ‘Little Hans’ [1909b], whose phobia of horses was undoubtedly typical in all its main features. The first thing that becomes apparent is that in a concrete case of neurotic illness the state of affairs is much more complex than one would suppose so long as one was dealing with abstractions. It takes a little time to find one's bearings and to decide which the repressed impulse is, what substitutive symptom it has found and where the motive for repression lies.
‘Little Hans’ refused to go out into the street because he was afraid of horses. This was the raw material of the case. Which part of it constituted the symptom? Was it his having the fear? Was it his choice of an object for his fear? Was it his giving up of his freedom of movement? Or was it more than one of these combined? What was the satisfaction which he renounced? And why did he have to renounce it?
At a first glance one is tempted to reply that the case is not so very obscure. ‘Little Hans's’ unaccountable fear of horses was the symptom and his inability to go out into the streets was an inhibition, a restriction which his ego had imposed on itself so as not to arouse the anxiety-symptom. The second point is clearly correct; and in the discussion which follows I shall not concern myself any further with this inhibition. But as regards the alleged symptom, a superficial acquaintance with the case does not even disclose its true formulation. For further investigation shows that what he was suffering from was not a vague fear of horses but a quite definite apprehension that a horse was going to bite him.1 This idea, indeed, was endeavouring to withdraw from consciousness and get itself replaced by an undefined phobia in which only the anxiety and its object still appeared. Was it perhaps this idea that was the nucleus of his symptom?
We shall not make any headway until we have reviewed the little boy's psychical situation as a whole as it came to light in the course of the analytic treatment. He was at the time in the jealous and hostile Oedipus attitude towards his father,
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1 [Standard Ed., 10, 24.]
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四世
让我们先来谈谈对动物的一种幼稚的歇斯底里的恐惧——例如,“小汉斯”(Little Hans)的例子,它的恐怖症无疑是典型的典型特征。第一件很明显的事情是,在一个神经病的具体案例中,事情的状态要比一个人想象的复杂得多,只要一个人在处理抽象问题。找到一个人的方位,并决定被压抑的冲动是什么,它找到了什么替代的症状,以及压抑的动机在哪里,需要一点时间。
“小汉斯”因为害怕马,不肯到街上去。这是本案的原材料。它的哪一部分构成了症状?是他害怕吗?这是他选择的一个对象,是为了他的恐惧?是他放弃了运动的自由吗?或者它不止一个组合?他放弃的满意是什么?为什么他要放弃它?
乍一看,有人想要回答,这个案子并不是那么的晦涩难懂。“小汉斯对马的不负责的恐惧是他的症状,他不能上街是一种抑制,这是他自我强加给自己的一种限制,以避免引起焦虑的症状。”第二点很明显是正确的;在接下来的讨论中,我将不再关注这种抑制。但是,关于所谓的症状,对这个案件的肤浅的了解甚至没有披露它的真正的配方。进一步的调查显示,他所遭受的不是一种对马的模糊恐惧,而是一种非常明确的忧虑,那就是马将会咬他。事实上,这个想法正试图从意识中退出,取而代之的是一种没有定义的恐惧,只有焦虑和它的对象仍然出现。也许这是他症状的核心?
在我们回顾了这个小男孩的精神状况之后,我们将不会有任何进展,因为在分析治疗的过程中,他的精神状况是光明的。他当时是在嫉妒和敌对的俄狄浦斯对他父亲的态度,
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1[标准Ed, 10,24]
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whom nevertheless—except in so far as his mother was the cause of estrangement—he dearly loved. Here, then, we have a conflict due to ambivalence: a well-grounded love and a no less justifiable hatred directed towards one and the same person. ‘Little Hans's’ phobia must have been an attempt to solve this conflict. Conflicts of this kind due to ambivalence are very frequent and they can have another typical outcome, in which one of the two conflicting feelings (usually that of affection) becomes enormously intensified and the other vanishes. The exaggerated degree and compulsive character of the affection alone betray the fact that it is not the only one present but is continually on the alert to keep the opposite feeling under suppression, and enable us to postulate the operation of a process which we call repression by means of reaction-formation (in the ego). Cases like ‘Little Hans's’ show no traces of a reaction-formation of this kind. There are clearly different ways of egress from a conflict due to ambivalence.
Meanwhile we have been able to establish another point with certainty. The instinctual impulse which underwent repression in ‘Little Hans’ was a hostile one against his father. Proof of this was obtained in his analysis while the idea of the biting horse was being followed up. He had seen a horse fall down and he had also seen a playmate, with whom he was playing at horses, fall down and hurt himself.1 Analysis justified the inference that he had a wishful impulse that his father should fall down and hurt himself as his playmate and the horse had done. Moreover, his attitude towards someone's departure on a certain occasion2 makes it probable that his wish that his father should be out of the way also found less hesitating expression. But a wish of this sort is tantamount to an intention of putting one's father out of the way oneself—is tantamount, that is, to the murderous impulse of the Oedipus complex.
So far there seem to be no connecting links between ‘Little Hans's’ repressed instinctual impulse and the substitute for it which we suspect is to be seen in his phobia of horses. Let us simplify his psychical situation by setting on one side the infantile factor and the ambivalence. Let us imagine that he is a young servant who is in love with the mistress of the house
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1 [Standard Ed., 10, 50 and 82.]
2 [Standard Ed., 29.]
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除了他的母亲是他疏远的原因之外,谁也不知道他爱谁。在这里,我们有一种矛盾心理:一种根深蒂固的爱,一种对同一个人的无可非议的仇恨。“小汉斯的恐惧症”一定是为了解决这个矛盾。这种矛盾的冲突是非常频繁的,他们可以有另一种典型的结果,其中一种相互冲突的感觉(通常是感情的)变得强烈而另一种消失。夸张的程度和强迫性的感情背叛的事实并不是唯一一个礼物但是不断警惕保持相反的感觉受到抑制,并使我们假定的操作过程我们称之为镇压通过反应形成(自我)。像《小汉斯》这样的例子没有任何关于这种反应形成的痕迹。由于矛盾心理,有很明显不同的出路。
与此同时,我们已经确定了另一个观点。在《小汉斯》中受到压抑的本能冲动是对他父亲的敌意。在他的分析中得到了这一点的证明,而咬马的想法正在被跟踪。他看见一匹马摔倒了,他还看到了一个玩伴,他正在和马玩,摔倒了,伤了自己。分析证明他有一种一厢情愿的想法,认为他的父亲应该跌倒,并伤害自己,就像他的玩伴和马一样。此外,他对某人在某一时刻离开的态度,使他很可能希望他的父亲离开这条路,同时也发现了不那么犹豫的表情。但是这样的愿望就等于把自己的父亲从自己的方式中解脱出来——这就等于,对俄狄浦斯情结的谋杀冲动。
到目前为止,“小汉斯”被压抑的本能冲动和我们怀疑是他对马的恐惧的替代品之间似乎没有联系。让我们以婴儿因素和矛盾心理为基础来简化他的心理状况。让我们想象一下,他是一个年轻的仆人,爱上了房子的女主人。
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1[标准Ed, 10,50和82]
2(标准。29。)
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and has received some tokens of her favour. He hates his master, who is more powerful than he is, and he would like to have him out of the way. It would then be eminently natural for him to dread his master's vengeance and to develop a fear of him—just as ‘Little Hans’ developed a phobia of horses. We cannot, therefore, describe the fear belonging to this phobia as a symptom. If ‘Little Hans’, being in love with his mother, had shown fear of his father, we should have no right to say that he had a neurosis or a phobia. His emotional reaction would have been entirely comprehensible. What made it a neurosis was one thing alone: the replacement of his father by a horse. It is this displacement, then, which has a claim to be called a symptom, and which, incidentally, constitutes the alternative mechanism which enables a conflict due to ambivalence to be resolved without the aid of a reaction-formation. [Cf. above, p. 102.] Such a displacement is made possible or facilitated at ‘Little Hans's’ early age because the inborn traces of totemic thought can still be easily revived. Children do not as yet recognize or, at any rate, lay such exaggerated stress upon the gulf that separates human beings from the animal world.1 In their eyes the grown man, the object of their fear and admiration, still belongs to the same category as the big animal who has so many enviable attributes but against whom they have been warned because he may become dangerous. As we see, the conflict due to ambivalence is not dealt with in relation to one and the same person: it is circumvented, as it were, by one of the pair of conflicting impulses being directed to another person as a substitutive object.
So far everything is clear. But the analysis of ‘Hans's’ phobia has been a complete disappointment in one respect. The distortion which constituted the symptom-formation was not applied to the [psychical] representative (the ideational content) of the instinctual impulse that was to be repressed; it was applied to a quite different representative and one which only corresponded to a reaction to the disagreeable instinct. It would be more in accordance with our expectations if ‘Little Hans’ had developed, instead of a fear of horses, an inclination to ill-treat them and to beat them or if he had expressed in
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1 [Cf. ‘A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis’ (1917a), Standard Ed., 17, 140.]
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她收到了一些她的信物。他恨他的主人,他的主人比他更强大,他想让他离开这条路。这样一来,他就会很自然地害怕他的主人复仇,并对他产生恐惧——就像“小汉斯”对马的恐惧一样。因此,我们不能将这种恐惧症的恐惧描述为一种症状。如果“小汉斯”爱上了他的母亲,对他父亲的恐惧,我们就没有权利说他患有神经症或恐惧症。他的情感反应是完全可以理解的。使它成为神经症的是一件事:用马替换他的父亲。这是一种被称为“症状”的位移,顺便说一下,它构成了另一种机制,这种机制使冲突产生矛盾,因为在没有反应形成的帮助的情况下解决矛盾。(Cf。以上,p . 102。[参考译文]在小汉斯的早期,这样的排位是有可能的,也有帮助的,因为图腾思想的先天痕迹仍然很容易恢复。孩子们还没有意识到,或者,无论如何,他们都把这种夸大的压力放在了把人类和动物世界分开的深渊上。在他们眼中,成年男子,他们的恐惧和羡慕的对象,仍然属于与大动物相同的类别,他们拥有许多令人羡慕的属性,但他们受到警告,因为他可能会变得危险。正如我们所看到的,由于矛盾心理而产生的冲突并没有涉及到一个人与同一个人之间的关系:它是被一种相互矛盾的冲动所围绕的,被作为一个替代的对象而被导向另一个人的。
到目前为止一切都很清楚。但对“汉斯恐惧症”的分析在一个方面完全令人失望。构成症状形成的畸变并不适用于被压抑的本能冲动的(心理)代表(思想内容);它被应用到一种完全不同的代表中,一种只是对应着一种对讨厌的本能的反应。如果“小汉斯”已经发展起来,而不是对马的恐惧,而是一种虐待和殴打他们的倾向,或者如果他已经表现出来了,那就更符合我们的期望了。
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1(Cf。《精神分析的道路上的困难》(1917a),标准版,17,140。]
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plain terms a wish to see them fall down or be hurt or even die in convulsions (‘make a row with their feet’).1 Something of the sort did in fact emerge in his analysis, but it was not by any means in the forefront of his neurosis. And, curiously enough, if he really had produced a hostility of this sort not against his father but against horses as his main symptom, we should not have said that he was suffering from a neurosis. There must be something wrong either with our view of repression or with our definition of a symptom. One thing, of course, strikes us at once: if ‘Little Hans’ had really behaved like that to horses, it would mean that repression had in no way altered the character of his objectionable and aggressive instinctual impulse itself but only the object towards which it was directed.
Undoubtedly there are cases in which this is all that repression does. But more than this happened in the development of ‘Little Hans's’ phobia—how much more can be guessed from a part of another analysis.
As we know, ‘Little Hans’ alleged that what he was afraid of was that a horse would bite him. Now some time later I was able to learn something about the origin of another animal phobia. In this instance the dreaded animal was a wolf; it, too, had the significance of a father-substitute. As a boy the patient in question—a Russian whom I did not analyse till he was in his twenties—had had a dream (whose meaning was revealed in analysis) and, immediately after it, had developed a fear of being devoured by a wolf, like the seven little goats in the fairy tale.2 In the case of ‘Little Hans’ the ascertained fact that his father used to play at horses with him3 doubtless determined his choice of a horse as his anxiety-animal. In the same way it appeared at least highly probable that the father of my Russian patient used, when playing with him, to pretend to be a wolf and jokingly threaten to gobble him up.4 Since then I have come across a third instance. The patient was a young American who came to me for analysis. He did not, it is true, develop an animal phobia, but it is precisely because
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[PEP] This page can be read in German in GESAMMELTE WERKE Vol 14, Page 132
1 [Standard Ed., 10, 50.]
2 ‘From the History of an Infantile Neurosis’ (1918b) [Standard Ed., 17, 29 ff.].
3 [Standard Ed., 10, 126-7.]
4 [Standard Ed., 17, 32.]
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如果你想看到他们摔倒或受伤甚至是在抽搐中死去(“用脚做一排”)。在他的分析中确实出现了某种类似的东西,但在他的神经官能症的最前沿却并不是这样。奇怪的是,如果他真的产生了这样的敌意不是反对他的父亲而是反对马作为他的主要症状,我们不应该说他患有神经症。我们对压抑的看法或对症状的定义肯定是有问题的。当然,有一件事立即给我们带来了打击:如果“小汉斯”真的对马有这样的行为,那就意味着,镇压绝不能改变他那令人反感和咄咄逼人的本能冲动的性格,而只会改变它所指向的对象。
毫无疑问,在某些情况下,这就是镇压所做的一切。但在“小汉斯”的“phobia”的发展过程中,还有更多的东西可以从另一种分析中推测出来。
据我们所知,“小汉斯”声称他害怕的是一匹马会咬他。过了一段时间,我终于了解到另一种动物恐惧症的起源。在这种情况下,可怕的动物是一只狼;它也具有父亲替代的意义。作为一个男孩病人你俄罗斯人我没有分析到他twenties-had做了一个梦在分析)(其含义了,之后,已经开发了一个害怕被狼吃,就像童话中的七个小山羊。在“小汉斯”的例子中,他的父亲曾经和他一起玩马,这无疑决定了他选择一匹马作为他的焦虑的动物。同样的,我的俄罗斯病人的父亲在和他玩耍的时候,也很可能会假装是一只狼,并开玩笑地威胁要把他吞掉。从那以后,我又遇到了第三个例子。这个病人是一个年轻的美国人,他来找我做分析。的确,他没有发展出一种动物恐惧症,但这正是因为。
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1[标准Ed, 10,50]
从婴儿神经症的历史(1918b)[标准Ed., 17,29 ff]。
3[标准Ed, 10,126 -7]
4[标准Ed, 17,32]
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of this omission that his case helps to throw light upon the other two. As a child he had been sexually excited by a fantastic children's story which had been read aloud to him about an Arab chief who pursued a ‘ginger-bread man’1 so as to eat him up. He identified himself with this edible person, and the Arab chief was easily recognizable as a father-substitute. This phantasy formed the earliest substratum of his auto-erotic phantasies.
The idea of being devoured by the father is typical age-old childhood material. It has familiar parallels in mythology (e.g. the myth of Kronos) and in the animal kingdom. Yet in spite of this confirmation the idea is so strange to us that we can hardly credit its existence in a child. Nor do we know whether it really means what it seems to say, and we cannot understand how it can have become the subject of a phobia. Analytic observation supplies the requisite information. It shows that the idea of being devoured by the father gives expression, in a form that has undergone regressive degradation, to a passive, tender impulse to be loved by him in a genital-erotic sense. Further investigation of the case history2 leaves no doubt of the correctness of this explanation. The genital impulse, it is true, betrays no sign of its tender purpose when it is expressed in the language belonging to the superseded transitional phase between the oral and sadistic organizations of the libido. Is it, moreover, a question merely of the replacement of the [psychical] representative by a regressive form of expression or is it a question of a genuine regressive degradation of the genitally-directed impulse in the id? It is not at all easy to make certain. The case history of the Russian ‘Wolf Man’ gives very definite support to the second, more serious, view; for, from the time of the decisive dream onward, the boy became naughty, tormenting and sadistic, and soon afterwards developed a regular obsessional neurosis. At any rate, we can see that repression is not the only means which the ego can employ for the purpose of defence against an unwelcome instinctual impulse. If it succeeds in making an instinct regress, it will actually have done it more injury than it could have by repressing it. Sometimes, indeed, after forcing an instinct to regress in this way, it goes on to repress it.
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1 [In English in the original.]
2 [Of the Russian patient.]
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他的案件有助于揭发另外两个人。孩提时,他对一个奇妙的孩子的故事感到兴奋不已,这是一个阿拉伯酋长追求一个“姜饼人”的故事,为的是把他吃掉。他把自己和这个可食用的人联系在一起,而这位阿拉伯酋长很容易被人认出来当父亲。这种幻想形成了他的自动性幻想的最早的基础。
被父亲吞噬的想法是典型的古老的童年读物。它在神话(例如克罗诺斯神话)和动物王国中有着相似的相似之处。然而,尽管证实了这一点,这个想法对我们来说太奇怪了,我们很难相信它存在于一个孩子身上。我们也不知道它到底是什么意思,我们也不知道它怎么会变成恐惧症的对象。分析观察提供了必要的信息。它表明,被父亲吞吃的想法,以一种经历了倒退退化的形式,表现为一种被动的、温柔的冲动,让他在性爱的感觉中被他所爱。对这一案件历史的进一步调查无疑说明了这一解释的正确性。它是真实的,当它在语言中被表达为在口头和性虐待组织之间取代的过渡阶段的语言时,它没有表现出它温柔的目的。而且,这仅仅是一种由一种倒退的表达方式取代[精神]代表的问题,还是一种真正倒退退化的问题?这一点也不容易确定。俄罗斯“狼人”的历史对第二种更为严肃的观点给予了非常明确的支持;因为,从起决定性的梦开始,男孩变得顽皮,折磨和虐待,不久之后发展成一个经常性的强迫神经症。无论如何,我们可以看到,压抑并不是自我用来防御一种不受欢迎的本能冲动的唯一手段。如果它成功地使一种本能回归,它实际上会比压抑它更能伤害它。有时,确实,在迫使一种本能以这种方式回归之后,它继续压抑它。
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(在原文中)
(俄罗斯病人的)
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The case of the ‘Wolf Man’ and the somewhat less complicated one of ‘Little Hans’ raise a number of further considerations. But we have already made two unexpected discoveries. There can be no doubt that the instinctual impulse which was repressed in both phobias was a hostile one against the father. One might say that that impulse had been repressed by the process of being transformed into its opposite.1 Instead of aggressiveness on the part of the subject towards his father, there appeared aggressiveness (in the shape of revenge) on the part of his father towards the subject. Since this aggressiveness is in any case rooted in the sadistic phase of the libido, only a certain amount of degradation is needed to reduce it to the oral stage. This stage, while only hinted at in ‘Little Hans's’ fear of being bitten, was blatantly exhibited in the ‘Wolf Man's' terror of being devoured, But, besides this, the analysis has demonstrated, beyond a shadow of doubt, the presence of another instinctual impulse of an opposite nature which had succumbed to repression. This was a tender, passive impulse directed towards the father, which had already reached the genital (phallic) level of libidinal organization. As regards the final outcome of the process of repression, this impulse seems, indeed, to have been the more important of the two; it underwent a more far-reaching regression and had a decisive influence upon the content of the phobia. In following up a single instinctual repression we have thus had to recognize a convergence of two such processes. The two instinctual impulses that have been overtaken by repression—sadistic aggressiveness towards the father and a tender passive attitude to him—form a pair of opposites. Furthermore, a full appreciation of ‘Little Hans's’ case shows that the formation of his phobia had had the effect of abolishing his affectionate object-cathexis of his mother as well, though the actual content of his phobia betrayed no sign of this. The process of repression had attacked almost all the components of his Oedipus complex—both his hostile and his tender impulses towards his father and his tender impulses towards his mother. In my Russian patient this state of affairs was much less obvious.
These are unwelcome complications, considering that we
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1 [Cf. ‘Instincts and their Vicissitudes’ (1915c), Standard Ed., 14, 126 ff.]
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“狼人”的案例和“小汉斯”这个稍微不那么复杂的案例提出了一些进一步的考虑。但我们已经有了两个意想不到的发现。毫无疑问,在恐惧中压抑的本能冲动是对父亲的敌意。有人可能会说,这种冲动被转化为相反的过程所压抑。在他父亲的身上,他的父亲对这个问题的态度似乎是咄咄逼人的,而不是咄咄逼人的。由于这种攻击性在任何情况下都植根于性欲的施虐阶段,因此只有一定程度的退化才能将其降低到口腔期。这个阶段,只有暗示在小汉斯的害怕被咬,被公然表现出“狼人”恐怖的吞噬,但是,除此之外,分析表明,的疑问,另一个相反的性质的本能冲动的存在已被镇压。这是对父亲的一种温柔的、被动的冲动,已经达到了性欲的组织的生殖器水平。关于镇压过程的最后结果,这种冲动似乎确实是两者中更为重要的一种;它经历了更深远的回归,对恐怖症的内容产生了决定性的影响。在接下来的一种本能的压抑下,我们不得不承认两个这样的过程的融合。这两种本能的冲动,已经被压抑——施虐狂对父亲的侵略性和对他的温柔的消极态度所压倒——形成了一对对立的对立。此外,对“小汉斯”事件的充分了解表明,他的恐惧症的形成有消除他的母亲的情感对象的影响,尽管他的恐惧的实际内容并没有显示出这一点。镇压的过程几乎摧毁了他的俄狄浦斯的所有组成部分——他的敌意和他对父亲的温柔冲动,以及他对母亲的温柔冲动。在我的俄罗斯病人中,这种情况就不那么明显了。
考虑到我们,这些都是不受欢迎的并发症。
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1(Cf。“直觉和他们的变迁”(1915c),标准Ed, 14126 ff。
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only set out to study simple cases of symptom-formation due to repression, and with that intention selected the earliest and, to all appearances, most transparent neuroses of childhood. Instead of a single repression we have found a collection of them and have become involved with regression into the bargain. Perhaps we have added to the confusion by treating the two cases of animal phobia at our disposal—‘Little Hans’ and the ‘Wolf Man’—as though they were cast in the same mould. As a matter of fact, certain differences between them stand out. It is only with regard to ‘Little Hans’ that we can say with certainty that what his phobia disposed of were the two main impulses of the Oedipus complex—his aggressiveness towards his father and his over-fondness for his mother. A tender feeling for his father was undoubtedly there too and played a part in repressing the opposite feeling; but we can prove neither that it was strong enough to draw repression upon itself nor that it disappeared afterwards. ‘Hans’ seems, in fact, to have been a normal boy with what is called a ‘positive’ Oedipus complex. It is possible that the factors which we do not find were actually at work in him, but we cannot demonstrate their existence. Even the most exhaustive analysis has gaps in its data and is insufficiently documented. In the case of the Russian the deficiency lies elsewhere. His attitude to female objects had been disturbed by an early seduction1 and his passive, feminine side was strongly developed. The analysis of his wolf-dream revealed very little intentional aggressiveness towards his father, but it brought forward unmistakable proof that what repression overtook was his passive tender attitude to his father. In his case, too, the other factors may have been operative as well; but they were not in evidence. How is it that, in spite of these differences in the two cases, almost amounting to an antithesis, the final outcome—a phobia—was approximately the same? The answer must be sought in another quarter. I think it will be found in the second fact which emerges from our brief comparative examination. It seems to me that in both cases we can detect what the motive force of the repression was and can substantiate our view of its nature from the line of development which the two children subsequently pursued. This motive force was the same in both of
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1 [Standard Ed., 17, 20 ff.]
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只有研究简单的症状形成的原因,因为压抑,并有意愿选择最早的和,所有的表象,最透明的儿童神经。我们发现了他们的一个集合,而不是单一的压抑,他们已经参与到交易的回归中。也许我们把这两种动物恐惧症的处理方式——“小汉斯”和“狼人”——就像它们是在同一个模子里铸出来的一样,增加了混淆。事实上,他们之间的某些差异是显而易见的。只有在“小汉斯”的问题上,我们才能确定地说,他所憎恶的是俄狄浦斯的两个主要冲动——他对父亲的攻击性和对母亲的过分喜爱。对他父亲的一种温柔的感觉无疑也在那里,在抑制相反的感觉方面起了作用;但我们既不能证明它的强大,也不能让它自己受到压迫,也不能证明它后来就消失了。事实上,“汉斯”似乎是一个正常的男孩,被称为“积极”的恋母情结。有可能我们没有发现的因素实际上在他的工作中,但我们不能证明他们的存在。即使是最详尽的分析也有其数据上的空白,并没有充分的记录。就俄罗斯而言,其不足之处就在于别处。他对女性对象的态度被早期的诱惑所困扰,而他的被动的、女性化的一面也得到了强烈的发展。对他的狼梦的分析揭示了他对父亲的故意的攻击性,但这也清楚地证明了他对父亲的消极态度。在他的案例中,其他因素也可能是有效的;但他们没有证据。尽管在这两种情况下有这些差异,但几乎相当于一个对立面,最终的结果——一个phobia——几乎是一样的吗?必须在另一个季度找到答案。我想这将会在我们简短的比较考试中出现的第二个事实中找到。在我看来,在这两种情况下,我们都能察觉到镇压的原动力是什么,并能从这两个孩子后来所追求的发展路线中证实我们对其性质的看法。这两种动力都是相同的。
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1[标准Ed, 17,20 ff]
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them. It was the fear of impending castration. ‘Little Hans’ gave up his aggressiveness towards his father from fear of being castrated. His fear that a horse would bite him can, without any forcing, be given the full sense of a fear that a horse would bite off his genitals, would castrate him. But it was from fear of being castrated, too, that the little Russian relinquished his wish to be loved by his father, for he thought that a relation of that sort presupposed a sacrifice of his genitals—of the organ which distinguished him from a female. As we see, both forms of the Oedipus complex, the normal, active form and the inverted one, came to grief through the castration complex. The Russian boy's anxiety-idea of being devoured by a wolf contained, it is true, no suggestion of castration, for the oral regression it had undergone had removed it too far from the phallic stage. But the analysis of his dream rendered further proof superfluous. It was a triumph of repression that the form in which his phobia was expressed should no longer have contained any allusion to castration.
Here, then, is our unexpected finding: in both patients the motive force of the repression was fear of castration. The ideas contained in their anxiety—being bitten by a horse and being devoured by a wolf—were substitutes by distortion for the idea of being castrated by their father. This was the idea which had undergone repression. In the Russian boy the idea was an expression of a wish which was not able to subsist in the face of his masculine revolt; in ‘Little Hans’ it was the expression of a reaction in him which had turned his aggressiveness into its opposite. But the affect of anxiety, which was the essence of the phobia, came, not from the process of repression, not from the libidinal cathexes of the repressed impulses, but from the repressing agency itself. The anxiety belonging to the animal phobias was an untransformed fear of castration. It was therefore a realistic fear,1 a fear of a danger which was actually impending or was judged to be a real one. It was
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1 [‘Realangst’ in the German. The adjective ‘realistic’ has, throughout the Standard Edition, been preferred to the impossible ‘real’ and to ‘objective’ which has been used elsewhere, but which gives rise to evident ambiguities. On the other hand, for ‘Realgefahr’ we have ‘real danger’.]
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他们。这是对即将到来的阉割的恐惧。“小汉斯”因为害怕被阉割而放弃了对父亲的攻击性。他害怕一匹马会咬他,而没有任何强迫,因为他害怕马会咬掉他的生殖器,会阉割他。但是,由于害怕被阉割,小俄国人放弃了被他父亲所爱的愿望,因为他认为这种关系预示着他的生殖器的牺牲——这是他与女性的区别。正如我们看到的,两种形式的俄狄浦斯情结,正常的,积极的形式和倒立的形式,通过阉割情结而变得悲伤。俄罗斯男孩的焦虑- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -但对他的梦的分析进一步证明了这是多余的。这是一种镇压的胜利,他的恐惧被表达的形式不应该再包含任何暗示阉割。
在这里,我们意想不到的发现是:在这两个病人中,压抑的动力是害怕阉割。他们焦虑中所包含的思想——被马儿咬着,被狼吞吃——是被他们的父亲阉割的想法的替代品。这就是经历过压抑的思想。在俄国的男孩,这个想法是一个愿望的表达,这个愿望在面对他的男性反抗时是无法生存的;在《小汉斯》中,这是他的一种反应,使他的攻击性变成了相反的东西。但是焦虑的影响,这是恐惧的本质,不是来自压抑的过程,不是来自压抑的冲动的性欲,而是来自压抑的机构本身。动物恐惧症的焦虑是对阉割的恐惧。因此,这是一种现实的恐惧,一种对危险的恐惧,这种恐惧实际上是迫近的,或者被认为是真正的危险。这是
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德国的“真正的焦虑”。在整个标准版中,形容词“现实主义”更倾向于不可能的“真实”和“客观”,而后者已经在其他地方被使用,但这就产生了明显的歧义。另一方面,对于“Realgefahr”,我们有“真正的危险”。
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anxiety which produced repression and not, as I formerly believed, repression which produced anxiety.
It is no use denying the fact, though it is not pleasant to recall it, that I have on many occasions asserted that in repression the instinctual representative is distorted, displaced, and so on, while the libido belonging to the instinctual impulse is transformed into anxiety.1 But now an examination of phobias, which should be best able to provide confirmatory evidence, fails to bear out my assertion; it seems, rather, to contradict it directly. The anxiety felt in animal phobias is the ego's fear of castration; while the anxiety felt in agoraphobia (a subject that has been less thoroughly studied) seems to be its fear of sexual temptation—a fear which, after all, must be connected in its origins with the fear of castration. As far as can be seen at present, the majority of phobias go back to an anxiety of this kind felt by the ego in regard to the demands of the libido. It is always the ego's attitude of anxiety which is the primary thing and which sets repression going. Anxiety never arises from repressed libido. If I had contented myself earlier with saying that after the occurrence of repression a certain amount of anxiety appeared in place of the manifestation of libido that was to be expected, I should have nothing to retract to-day. The description would be correct; and there does undoubtedly exist a correspondence of the kind asserted between the strength of the impulse that has to be repressed and the intensity of the resultant anxiety. But I must admit that I thought I was giving more than a mere description. I believed I had put my finger on a metapsychological process of direct transformation of libido into anxiety. I can now no longer maintain this view. And, indeed, I found it impossible at the time to explain how a transformation of that kind was carried out.
It may be asked how I arrived at this idea of transformation in the first instance. It was while I was studying the ‘actual neuroses’, at a time when analysis was still a very long way from distinguishing between processes in the ego and processes
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1 [See, for instance, Freud's paper on repression (1915d), Standard Ed., 14, 155, where the case of the ‘Wolf Man’ is also considered. A further discussion will be found in Addendum A(b), p. 160 ff., as well as in the Editor's Introduction, p. 78 ff.]
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焦虑产生压抑,而不是像我以前认为的那样,压抑会产生焦虑。
否认这一事实是没有用的,尽管回想起来并不令人愉快,但我曾多次断言,在压抑中,本能的代表是扭曲的、流离失所的,等等,而本能冲动的性欲则转化为焦虑。但现在对恐惧症的检查,最好能提供验证性的证据,不能证实我的主张;相反,它似乎直接与之相抵触。动物恐惧症中的焦虑感是自我对阉割的恐惧;尽管在广场恐惧症(一个没有被深入研究的课题)中感受到的焦虑,似乎是它对性诱惑的恐惧——毕竟,这种恐惧必须与对阉割的恐惧联系在一起。就目前所能看到的,大部分的恐惧症都回到了自我对性欲的需求的焦虑中。它始终是自我的焦虑的态度,它是最主要的东西,它使压抑发生。焦虑从来不会来自于压抑的性欲。如果我早一点满足自己的意思,在发生了压抑之后,出现了某种程度的焦虑,而这正是我所期待的性欲的表现,我今天就没有什么可以收回的了。描述是正确的;毫无疑问,这种冲动之间存在着一种对应关系,即必须被压抑的冲动的强度和由此产生的焦虑的强度。但我必须承认,我认为我给予的不仅仅是描述。我相信我已经把我的手指放在了一个心理上的过程中,把性欲直接转化为焦虑。我现在不能再维护这个视图了。而且,事实上,我发现当时无法解释这种转变是如何进行的。
也许有人会问,我是如何在第一个例子中实现这个转变的。当时我正在研究“真正的神经系统”,在这个时候,分析仍然是区分自我和过程过程的很长一段路。
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1[举例来说,弗洛伊德的关于压抑的论文(1915d),标准的Ed., 14155,《狼人》的案例也被考虑在内。进一步的讨论将在附录A(b)中找到,p. 160 ff。,以及在编辑的介绍中,p. 78 ff。]
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in the id.1 I found that outbreaks of anxiety and a general state of preparedness for anxiety were produced by certain sexual practices such as coitus interruptus, undischarged sexual excitation or enforced abstinence—that is, whenever sexual excitation was inhibited, arrested or deflected in its progress towards satisfaction. Since sexual excitation was an expression of libidinal instinctual impulses it did not seem too rash to assume that the libido was turned into anxiety through the agency of these disturbances. The observations which I made at the time still hold good. Moreover, it cannot be denied that the libido belonging to the id-processes is subjected to disturbance at the instigation of repression. It might still be true, therefore, that in repression anxiety is produced from the libidinal cathexis of the instinctual impulses. But how can we reconcile this conclusion with our other conclusion that the anxiety felt in phobias is an ego anxiety and arises in the ego, and that it does not proceed out of repression but, on the contrary, sets repression in motion? There seems to be a contradiction here which it is not at all a simple matter to solve. It will not be easy to reduce the two sources of anxiety to a single one. We might attempt to do so by supposing that, when coitus is disturbed or sexual excitation interrupted or abstinence enforced, the ego scents certain dangers to which it reacts with anxiety. But this takes us nowhere. On the other hand, our analysis of the phobias seems to admit of no correction. Non liquet.2
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1 [See Freud's first paper on anxiety neurosis (1895b).]
2 [‘It is not clear.’ An old legal verdict used when the evidence was inconclusive; compare the Scottish ‘not proven’.]
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在id1 .1中,我发现焦虑的爆发和焦虑的一般状态是由某些性行为产生的,如性交中断、未解除的性兴奋或强迫的禁欲——也就是说,当性兴奋被抑制、被逮捕或被转移到满足的过程中。由于性兴奋是本能冲动的一种表现,所以认为性欲在这些干扰的作用下变成了焦虑,并不显得过于轻率。我当时所做的观察仍然有效。此外,不能否认,属于这一酸性过程的力比多在镇压的鼓动下受到干扰。因此,在压抑焦虑中产生的是本能冲动的本能冲动。但是,我们如何才能将这个结论与我们的另一个结论调和起来,即恐惧症的焦虑感是一种自我焦虑,它是在自我中产生的,它不会从压抑中走出来,相反,它会使压抑在运动中发生?这里似乎有一个矛盾,它根本不是一个简单的问题解决。将焦虑的两种来源减少到一种并不容易。我们可能会试图这样做,假设当性交被扰乱或性兴奋打断或禁欲时,自我会察觉到它与焦虑反应的某些危险。但这对我们毫无帮助。另一方面,我们对恐惧症的分析似乎是不承认错误的。非liquet.2
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1[参见弗洛伊德的第一篇关于焦虑神经症的论文(1895b)]
目前还不清楚。在证据不确凿的情况下使用的旧法律裁决;比较苏格兰的“未被证明”。
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V
We set out to study the formation of symptoms and the secondary struggle waged by the ego against symptoms. But in picking on the phobias for this purpose we have clearly made an unlucky choice. The anxiety which predominates in the picture of these disorders is now seen as a complication which obscures the situation. There are plenty of neuroses which exhibit no anxiety whatever. True conversion hysteria is one of these. Even in its most severe symptoms no admixture of anxiety is found. This fact alone ought to warn us against making too close a connection between anxiety and symptom-formation. The phobias are so closely akin to conversion hysteria in every other respect that I have felt justified in classing them alongside of it under the name of ‘anxiety hysteria’. But no one has as yet been able to say what it is that determines whether any given case shall take the form of a conversion hysteria or a phobia—has been able, that is to say, to establish what determines the generating of anxiety in hysteria.
The commonest symptoms of conversion hysteria—motor paralyses, contractures, involuntary actions or discharges, pains and hallucinations—are cathectic processes which are either permanently maintained or intermittent. But this puts fresh difficulties in the way. Not much is actually known about these symptoms. Analysis can show what the disturbed excitatory process is which the symptoms replace. It usually turns out that they themselves have a share in that process. It is as though the whole energy of the process had been concentrated in this one part of it. For instance, it will be found that the pains from which a patient suffers were present in the situation in which the repression occurred; or that his hallucination was, at that time, a perception; or that his motor paralysis is a defence against an action which should have been performed in that situation but was inhibited; or that his contracture is usually a displacement of an intended innervation of the muscles in some other part of his body; or that his convulsions are the expression of an outburst of affect which has been withdrawn from the normal control of the ego. The sensation of unpleasure which accompanies the appearance of the symptoms
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V
我们开始研究症状的形成和自我对抗症状的二次斗争。但是,为了这个目的,我们显然做出了一个不吉利的选择。在这些疾病的图片中占据主导地位的焦虑现在被看作是一种使情况变得模糊的并发症。有很多神经系统不表现出焦虑。真正的转换歇斯底里是其中之一。即使在最严重的症状中,也没有发现焦虑的混合。这一事实本身就应该提醒我们不要把焦虑和症状形成联系在一起。这种恐惧症非常接近于在其他方面的转换歇斯底里,我觉得用“焦虑歇斯底里症”的名义把它们和它放在一起是有道理的。但至今还没有人能够说出,究竟是什么决定了某一特定的病例是否会以一种转变的歇斯底里或一种恐惧症的形式出现,也就是说,要确定在癔症中产生焦虑的因素是什么。
转化的最常见的症状是:马达麻痹、挛缩、不自主的动作或放电、疼痛和幻觉——是一种永久保持或间歇性的宣泄过程。但这给我们带来了新的困难。对这些症状的了解并不多。分析可以显示出症状所替代的干扰兴奋过程。通常情况下,他们自己也在这个过程中占有一席之地。就好像整个过程的能量都集中在这一部分。例如,人们会发现,在发生压迫的情况下,病人的痛苦是存在的;或者他的幻觉当时是一种感知;或者,他的运动麻痹是一种防御行为,这种行为应该在这种情况下进行,但被抑制了;或者他的挛缩通常是他身体其他部位的肌肉的一种神经支配的移位;或者他的抽搐是一种情感爆发的表现,这种情绪已经从自我的正常控制中消失了。伴随症状出现的不愉快的感觉。
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心理魏老师对本书的所有笔记 · · · · · ·
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of instinct which have taken place there. We cannot be surprised if it becomes harsher,...
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