301-The Digital Photography Book-Scott Kelby-Tool-2006

301-The Digital Photography Book-Scott Kelby-Tool-2006

Barack

2021/01/01

《The Digital Photography Book》，于2006年首版于美国。它探讨了数码摄影的几个重要方面，研究如何使用与数码摄影专业人士的技巧来拍摄具有专业品质的照片。

Scott Kelby，于1960年出生于美国。他是一名摄影师，作家。他是《Photoshop User Magazine》的编辑和出版商，还是National Association of Photoshop Professionals (NAPP)的联合创始人和主席。代表作：《The Digital Photography Book》、《Digital Photography Killer Tips》等。

Table of Content

Chapter One. Pro Tips for Getting Really Sharp Photos

Chapter Two. Shooting Flowers Like a Pro

Chapter Three. Shooting Weddings Like a Pro

Chapter Four. Shooting Landscapes Like a Pro

Chapter Five. Shooting Sports Like a Pro

Chapter Six. Shooting People Like a Pro

Chapter Seven. Avoiding Problems Like a Pro

Chapter Eight. Taking Advantage of Digital Like a Pro

Chapter Nine. Taking Travel & City Life Shots Like a Pro

Chapter Ten. How to Print Like a Pro and Other Cool Stuff

“Having photos that are sharp and in focus is so vitally important to pro photographers that they actually have coined a term for them. They call them "tack sharp."”

1909年，单反相机问世。随着它的价格逐渐降低，它在普通人群中也越来越流行。在全世界拥有了为数众多的拥趸。摄影也变成了一种艺术。

既然是一种艺术表现形式，那么其中很重要的一个因素就在于，要能够保证主题突出。这一点在其他的艺术类型中也是很很明确的。文学作品要求人物形象要分明，建筑要求特点显著，雕塑讲究个干净利落。那么一张照片也应该有主题突出的特点。

“I've never seen a field where the equipment makes as big a difference as it does in photography. Don't get me wrong, hand Jay Maisel a point-and-shoot camera and he'll take point-and-shoot shots that could hang in a gallery, but the problem is we're not as good as Jay Maisel.”

在不同的活动中，器材的影响程度也是不同的。比如一个手持冷兵器的特种士兵，或许能够打败一个持有手枪的普通人。可是对于大部分普通人来说，他们自身的实力可能没有那么高，所以需要通过器材来弥补他们实力上的不足。

“TACK stands for Technically Accurate Cibachrome Kelvin (which refers to the color temperature of light in photographs), and SHARP stands for Shutter Hyperfocal At Refracted Polarization.”

在数码摄影之中，色彩、快门、焦距、光圈，是非常重要的指标，本书所谈论的技巧，也很多是从这几项出发。

“So, while there are a number of things you'll need to do to get tack-sharp photos, the most important is shooting on a tripod. In fact, if there's one single thing that really separates the pros from the amateurs, it's that the pros always shoot on a tripod (even in daylight).”

在旅行途中进行拍摄时，我其实三脚架用的很少。主要还是嫌麻烦，但是手持拍摄时，拍摄了大量后来弃之不用的照片，现在想起来，其实还不如减少拍摄数量，但是提高每一张的拍摄质量。

“Pros will do the little things that most amateurs aren't willing to do; that's part of the reason their photos look like they do. Keeping the camera still and steady is a tripod's only job, but when it comes to tripods, some do a lot better job than others.”

各个领域的专业人士，实际上也是从业余人士成长起来的。他们之所以专业，比业余人士更近一步，不光是理论性系统性地学习，也是因为他们连细节也必须考虑到。他们需要在业余人士不注意的点上花费更多功夫，对于业余人士忽略的点，他们也需要予以重视。

当然，这也意味着投入更多的精力，付出更多的代价，不是每个人都要成为专业人士。如果只是纯粹娱乐，以业余的方式进行娱乐，也无伤大雅，关键是自己要把握好这个度。

“Best of all, good ballheads keep your camera locked down tight to keep your camera from "creeping" (slowly sliding one way or the other) after you've set up your shot. Like tripods, a good ballhead isn't cheap, but if you buy a good one, you'll fall in love with it.”

现在越来越多人使用手机进行拍摄，而云台的设计也与时俱进，有可以专门为手机而设计的云台出现。实际上它也使得拍摄的门槛越来越低，我觉得这是好事情。

“That way, when you press this button on the end of the cable, it takes the photo, but without you actually touching the shutter button on the camera itself. So, why is this such a big deal? It's because, believe it or not, when you press the shutter button on the camera, it makes the camera move just enough to keep your photos from being tack sharp. I know, it sounds like a little thing, but this one is bigger than it sounds.”

三脚架、云台、无线快门，它们的作用都是为了保证相机在拍摄时处在一个相当稳定的状态，不会受到外界的干扰，

“I know, you normally think of using this so you can run and get in the shot real quick, but think about itwhat does the self timer do? It takes the shot without you touching the camera, right? Right!”

使用相机自带的延时拍摄功能，目的也是为了防止抖动。虽然与手持相机造成的抖动相比，按快门造成抖动没有那么严重，可依旧会对画面品质会造成影响。

“If you're thinking of getting a cable release to reduce vibration, you're better off getting an electronic cable release rather than one that actually presses the shutter button with a plunger-style wire.”

为了减少振动，红外遥控器比有线遥控器更好。 无线化使得拍摄变得便来越方便，也提高了摄影作品的质量。

“The next trick we're going to employ is mirror lock-up. What this essentially does is locks your camera's mirror in the up position, so when you take the shot, the mirror does not move until after the exposure is madelimiting the movement inside your camera during the exposure, and therefore giving you that much sharper a photo.”

锁定反光镜是从相机内部减少抖动，从而进一步提高摄影作品的清晰度，这也是非常细节的操作了。

“If you are shooting on a tripod with a Nikon VR lens, to get sharper images turn the VR feature off (you do this right on the lens itself by turning the VR switch to the Off position). The non-technical explanation why is, these VR lenses look for vibration. If they don't find any, they'll go looking for it, and that looking for vibration when there is absolutely none can cause (you guessed it) some small vibration.”

所以总结来说，如果我们使用三角架的话，就无需打开镜头上的减震装置。如果我们手持的话，则需要打开减震装置。因为在相机本身没有震动的情况下，打开了这种装置，反而可能会产生某种震动，而导致效果不尽如人意。

“Another trick the pros use is, when possible, shoot at your lens' sharpest aperture. For most lenses, that is about two full stops smaller than wide open (so the f-stop number you use will go higher by two stops). For example, if you had an f/2.8 lens, the sharpest apertures for that lens would be f/5.6 and f/8 (two full stops down from 2.8).”

这里的建议是使用相机允许的最大光圈进行拍摄。目的应该是为了增大进光量，从而缩短了曝光时间，也使得发生震动的可能性更小。

“Does buying a really good lens make that big a difference in sharpness? Absolutely!”

如果逐步增加在单反上的投入，其中镜头上的经济支出是一个大项。我还得还是要根据自己的实际情况量力而行，逐步地投入。

“When you're shooting on a tripod in dim or low light, don't increase your ISO (your digital equivalent of film speed). Keep your ISO at the lowest ISO setting your camera allows (ISO 200, 100, or 50, if your camera's ISO goes that low, as shown on the Nikon menu above) for the sharpest, cleanest photos.”

ISO的全称是International Standardization Organization。在这里，它指的是曝光率。曝光率越高，需要的曝光时间越少，但是噪点也可能越多。

F指镜头光圈（通光口径）和镜头焦距之比。如果镜头的焦距是50毫米，那么f/2.8，指的是50mm除以2.8，也就等于17.85mm。这也就是光圈打开程度的直径，换言之，实际的打开面积的半径也就是8.925mm，也就等于约等于250mm^2。所以在镜头焦距为50mm的情况下，f/2.8，也就指的是光圈的打开面积为250mm^2。

“Raising the ISO adds noise to your photos, and you don't want that (of course, if you're hand-holding and have no choice, like when shooting a wedding in the low lighting of a church, then increasing the ISO is a necessity, but when shooting on a tripod, avoid high ISOs like the plagueyou'll have cleaner, sharper images every time).”

当降低感光率的时候，为了得到清晰的照片，必然会需要提高曝光时间。这时，手持拍摄几乎是不可能的，因为肯定会发生抖动。

“Well, the next time you're hand-holding in less than optimal light, and you're concerned that you might not get a tack-sharp image, try a trick the pros use in this sticky situationswitch to continuous shooting (burst) mode and hold down the shutter release to take a burst of photos instead of just one or two. Chances are at least one of those dozen or so photos is going to be tack sharp, and if it's an important shot, it can often save the day.”

如果遇到了实在必须手持拍摄的情况，可以考虑采用连拍模式。这样子有一定的概率能够得到至少一张可用的照片。

“For people: Amount 150%, Radius 1, Threshold 10 For cityscapes, urban photography, or travel: Amount 65%, Radius 3, Threshold 2 For general everyday use: Amount 85%, Radius 1, Threshold 4”

这里给出的，是在对照片进行后期的锐化处理时的参数，这些的参数更多的是一种经验之谈，可能未必有非常明确的原因。可能只是因为这些参数在大部分情况下，能取得比较好的锐化效果，让人眼看起来觉得更舒服。

“It's designed to give you extra stability and sharper shots while hand-holding your camera by wrapping your camera strap around your arm (just above the elbow), then wrapping it around the outside of your wrist (as shown above) and pulling the strap pretty tight, which makes your camera more stable in your hand.”

这里的做法，是把相机带缠在手臂上进行固定，这样的目的可能是为了让手臂起到一个类似于支架的作用，以至于相机抖得不那么明显。但总的来讲，这样还是不够稳定，尤其是当曝光时间可能达到几秒的时候。

“If you want to create flower shots with some serious visual interest, you have to shoot them from an angle we don't see every day. That usually means not shooting down on them, and instead getting down low and shooting them from their level.”

这实际上就是角度问题。同样一个拍摄对象，不同的人去拍，可能会有不同的角度，也会拍出不同的效果。不仅这既涉及到经验，也涉及到一个人自己的审美情趣。

“A macro lens (just called "macro" for short) lets you get a 1:1 view of your subject and reveal flowers in a way that only macros can. A macro lens has a very shallow depth of fieldso much so that when photographing a rose, the petals in the front can be in focus and the petals at the back of the rose can be out of focus.”

微距镜头主要是用于拍摄近物，因为它的焦距非常短，所以在拍摄时，对焦距的控制要非常仔细。而微距镜头实际上是将细节纤毫毕现地展现出来。

“Shoot in aperture priority mode and use the smallest number f-stop your lens will allow (in this case, on this particular lens, it was f/5.6) to keep the flower in focus but the background out of focus.”

大部分对于普通玩家来说，可能会选择自动模式，但是对更进阶一些的拍摄者来说，AV模式，也就是光圈优先模式可能更合适一些。AV的缩写是Aperture value。当拍摄者有自己主动选择了光圈值，并设定了快门速度后，相机的曝光时间会自动调整。

“It's called the Canon Close-Up Lens (even though it's from Canon, you can get a version that screws onto a Nikon lens. It's the only thing I know of from Canon that's designed for Nikon cameras. I use the Canon Close-Up Lens 500D to attach to my 70200mm Nikon VR lens [it's 77mm], and it works wonders).”

我理解的是，这里指的是近摄圈，它其实加在机身和镜头之间。虽然在操作上稍微麻烦一点，但比买一支新镜头还是便宜的。

“One of the most dramatic compositions for shooting flowers is to position a single flower on a black background.”

因为拍摄的目的，是为了聚焦在我们拍摄的目标上，所以在目标的后面放一块纯色的板子，用来屏蔽其他的杂物，是一个不错的选择。至于为什么选黑色，我觉得可能是因为花朵本身的颜色已经很鲜艳了，所以就选择了黑色，免得喧宾夺主。

“Instead of waiting for a rainy day to shoot, take a little spray bottle with you, fill it with water, and spray the flowers with water yourself.”

拍摄花朵的时候，可以用喷雾瓶在上面喷一些水珠，这样子拍出来的花朵更有韵味。这个小建议还是不错的。

“Another popular look for a flower photographer is to shoot on a white background.”

除了可以选择用黑色做背景外，还可以选择用白色做背景。其目的也是为了减小背景中的干扰冲突。突出要拍摄的主题。

“So look for a window in your house, studio, office, etc., that has non-direct sunlight coming in. Then set your flowers near that window, and position them so you're getting side lighting (if the natural light hits the flowers head on, they'll look kind of flatyou need that extra dimension that side lighting brings).”

在光源的选择上，不要选择直射光。如果在室内，就在玻璃后面拍摄。如果在室外，就选择早上或傍晚，抑或是阴凉处拍摄。

“Switch to shutter priority mode (where you control the shutter speed and your camera takes care of adjusting the rest to give you a proper exposure), then increase the shutter speed to at least 1/250 of a second or higher. This will generally freeze the motion caused by wind (unless it's hurricane season).”

快门优先模式是 TV，指的是Time value。我们可以通过缩小快门时间，来拍摄运动中的物体。增加快门时间，来拍摄缓慢移动的物体。

“In fact, telephoto lenses in the 85100mm range are often called portrait lenses because they let you shoot from a good working distance (10 to 12 feet from your subject, giving you and your subject some breathing room, while letting you still fill the frame with your subject), but more importantly, shooting with focal lengths between 85mm and 100mm eliminates the unflattering facial distortion wide-angle lenses are notorious for, while avoiding the compression long telephoto lenses give.”

就我自己而言，使用单反进行摄影，主要是出于两个目的，人像摄影和风景摄影。所以其实有两个镜头，分别用于人像摄影和风景摄影，我觉得就已经足够用了。

“When it comes to portraits, f/11 is the ticket because it provides great sharpness and depth on the face (and isn't that what portraits are all about?), which gives you a great overall look for most portrait photography”

摄影，也像其他的艺术形式一样，对于初学者来说，其实可以先采用一些前人的经验探索出来的固定参数，最后再逐渐摸索出适合自己的风格。

“Now, which colors should you use? For starters, stick with black (for dramatic portraits) or white (for everything else). The nice thing about a white seamless background is that it usually appears as a shade of gray. To make it really appear white like the one above, you'll have to aim one or more lights at the background or the light from your flashes will fall enough, giving you a gray back-round.”

肖像摄影和静物摄影也类似，通过采用纯色的背景，可以起到强化摄影主题的作用。黑色和白色的背景同样是两个最佳的选择。

“The simpler the background, the stronger your portrait will be, so position your subject where the least possible amount of activity is going on behind them. Here's where you might want to break the f/11 rule, so you can throw the background out of focus by using an aperture like f/2.8 or f/4 with the portrait focal length you like best. Remember, when it comes to portrait backgrounds outdoors, less is more.”

在户外拍摄的时候，不可能像在室内拍摄一样，总能找到一个纯色的背景，所以我们需要人为的去挑选色彩比较单一的背景，避免喧宾夺主。

“By shooting at f/11 and focusing on the eyes, this will give you a nice level of sharpness throughout the face (and most importantly, the eyes will be tack sharp, and in portraits that is absolutely critical).”

所以在拍摄时，要把焦距聚焦在对方的眼睛之上。眼睛拍清晰了，再谈其他细节才有意义。

“Here's where you might want to break the f/11 rule, so you can throw the background out of focus by using an aperture like f/2.8 or f/4 with the portrait focal length you like best. Remember, when it comes to portrait backgrounds outdoors, less is more.”

在户外，要么就把拍摄重点放在拍摄景色上，要么就要注意力放在拍摄人物上。如果两者都想强调，就可能导致拍摄的照片都不伦不类，既很难说是风景照，也很难说是一张完美的人物照。

If you're shooting portraits outdoors, especially candid portraits or editorial style shots, there's a rule that many pros use about where to position the subject's eyes in the frameposition them 1/3 of the way down from the top of the frame. This is another one of those tricks that gives your portraits more visual interest, and it's easy enough to do since you just compose the shot so your subject's eyes are 1/3 of the way down from the top. “

其实这里的逻辑，就是把人也放在差不多黄金分割的位置。可是我自己的拍摄习惯，是喜欢拍摄出一个完整的头像，也就是在照片的上半部分留出一定空间，而不是将人的头部分割开来，只拍到额头或者部分的发际。

“Portraits generally look best when you position your camera at the subject's eye level, so set your tripod up so you're shooting level with their eyes.”

我在画人的肖像画的时候也有类似的感受，眼睛是灵魂。也是最难画的部分。同样，拍摄时，也要聚焦对方的眼睛。

“To take advantage of this wonderful light source, just position your subject beside a window in your house, office, studio, etc., that doesn't get direct light. The most ideal window light is a north-facing window, but any window getting nice, soft, non-direct sunlight will work. If the window is dirty, that's even better because it helps diffuse the light and makes it even softer.”

即使是在室内，作者也倾向于尽量使用自然光，而不是人造灯光。为了减少阳光的直射效果，可以在窗户旁边进行照射。

“So, how do you get great outdoor portraits at two o'clock in the afternoon? It's easymove your subject into the shade, where the light is softer, and the shadows are less prominent and much softer.”

光线在拍摄时是非常重要的，光线太强或者太弱，都会影响拍摄效果。所以最好是选择一个多云的日子，或者晴朗日子中的阴凉处。

“If you're okay with all that, then it's time to tell you the other harsh realitysince you'll be shooting in low light all the time, you'll be shooting on a tripod all the time. Every time. Always. There is no hand-holding in the professional landscape photography world.”

换言之，摄影师对自己拍摄的作品有很高的要求，不能容许自己手持相机进行拍摄，一定要使用三角架来保持它的稳定性。

“As a landscape photographer, you can only shoot two times a day: (1) dawn. You can shoot about 15 to 30 minutes before sunrise, and then from 30 minutes to an hour (depending on how harsh the light becomes) afterward. The only other time you can shoot is: (2) dusk. You can shoot from 15 to 30 minutes before sunset, and up to 30 minutes afterward. Why only these two times?”

虽然建议很有道理，但是实际操作起来会有些困难，因为我们旅行时，抵达一个景点的时间并不总是受自己控制。我们能够选择的只有部分时间。

“The shooting mode of pro outdoor photographers is aperture priority mode (that's the little A or Av on your digital camera's mode dial). The reason why this mode is so popular is that it lets you decide how to creatively present the photo.”

数码相机一般都会有自动模式，但是对于进阶的玩家来说，最好还是选择光圈优先模式，这样可以自行决定光圈的大小，这也使得拍摄有更多的灵活性。

“Here's what you do: switch your digital camera to shutter priority mode (the S or Tv on your camera's mode dial), and set the shutter speed to 1 or 2 full seconds. Now, even if you're shooting this waterfall on a bit of an overcast day, leaving your shutter open for a few seconds will let way too much light in, and all you'll get is a solid white, completely blown-out photo.”

拍摄运动的物体时，比如瀑布，可以考虑采用快门优先模式，然后让快门打开的时间久一点。

“One thing you'll find that most have in common is that these landscape shots have three distinct things: (1) a foreground. If shooting a sunset, the shot doesn't start in the waterit starts on the beach. The beach is the foreground. (2) They have a middle ground. In the case of a sunset shot, this would be either the ocean reflecting the sun, or in some cases it can be the sun itself. And lastly, (3) it has a background. In the sunset case, the clouds and the sky. All three elements are there, and you need all three to make a really compelling landscape shot.”

在拍摄时，需要考虑前景、中景、后景，以便使得照片看起来层次分明。有层次感，也使得照片具有更多细节，更吸引人。

“Instead, decide which thing you want to emphasizethe sky or the ground. If you have a great-looking sky, then put your horizon at the bottom third of your photo (which will give you much more emphasis on the sky). If the ground looks interesting, then make that the star of your photo and place the horizon at the top third of your photo.”

也就是说，地平线的选择不要选择放在1/2的位置。如果想强调天空，就把地平线放在下1/3，想强调地面就把地平线放在上1/3

“Want a great tip for shooting forest scenes? Don't include the ground in your shots. That's right, the ground in the forest is often surprisingly messy (with dead branches, and leaves, and a real cluttered look) and that's why so many pro forest shots don't include the groundit distracts from the beauty of the trees.”

摄影师拍摄森林时，尽量不把地面拍进去，主要防止对地面的拍摄，影响到画面的美感。

“View your subject from different angles, and chances are (in fact, it's almost guaranteed) that you'll find a more interesting perspective in just a minute or two. Also, hand-hold your camera and look through the viewfinder to test your angle out. Once you've found the perfect angle (and not just the most convenient one), you can then set up your tripod and start shooting.”

我自己拍照的时候，就容易这样随便找一个地方就开始拍，可能其中拍的90%的照片后来都被自己放弃了。我自己所抱有的想法是，宁滥勿缺，可是既无法安心欣赏，事后也花了大多时间挑选照片。

实际上，我可以先在附近花一两分钟观察一下，走动一下，找准了一个尽可能合适的地点和角度，试拍几张，再用三脚架开始拍摄。

“That's why, when trying to show the size of an object, you need something in that shot to give the object a sense of scale. That's why many photographers prefer to shoot mountains with people in the scene (hikers, climbers, etc.) because it instantly gives you a frame of referencea sense of scale that lets the viewer immediately have a visual gauge as to how large a mountain, or a redwood, or the world's largest pine cone really is.”

我自己在拍摄宏伟景象时，也有过这种感受。比如我在拍摄重庆的天生三桥时，震撼于天生三桥的磅礴大气，但是镜头却很难拍出这种巨大感。虽然我也尝试了用人物作为对比，但是游人显得太小，而且太杂乱，所以不是非常合适。

“Of all the add-ons used by landscape pros, the polarizing filter is probably the most essential. This filter screws onto the end of your lens and it basically does two things: (1) it cuts the reflections in your photo big time (especially in water, on rocks, or on any reflective surface), and (2) it can often add more rich blues into your skies by darkening them and generally giving you more saturated colors throughout (and who doesn't want that?).”

偏振滤镜的使用，也是用来排除干扰光线的影响。光线问题，是摄影中需要注意的大问题。

“If you're using a lens hood on your camera, that can certainly help, but I've found that often it alone is not enough. That's where your ballcap comes injust take it off and position it above the right or left top side of your lens (depending on where the sun is positioned). Then look through your camera's viewfinder to see (1) right where to position your ballcap so it blocks the lens flare from the sun (it's easier than you think), and (2) to make sure your ballcap doesn't show up in your photo”

避免强光是拍摄是很重要的一个点。使用遮光罩能部分地解决这个问题，但是为了增强遮光的效果，还可以选择用棒球帽等东西来遮挡。

“Fog and moisture are fancy names for water, and digital cameras flat out do not like water, so make sure your gear is not getting silently soaked.”

我自己曾在雨中拍摄，或者沙漠中大风的情况下拍摄。旅行回来以后，我把相机送去保养时，发现里面产生了一些锈迹。所以这些错误的做法其实是非常伤害机器的。

“A great way to avoid this is with a double levela simple little gizmo that slides into your flash hot shoe (that little bracket on the top of your camera where you'd attach an external flash). ”

保持相机的水平是非常重要的。这里作者的建议是可以在防止外部闪光灯的地方，放置一个水平仪，以这种方式来保证自己在拍摄的时候保持着平衡。

“So, earlier you learned about the polarizer and how essential that filter is. This filter, the neutral density gradient filter, isn't necessarily essential but it is the secret weapon of professional landscape photographers. It lets them balance the exposure between the ground and the sky to capture a range of exposure which, without it, their camera could never pull off”

偏光镜的主要目的，是在拍摄天空和地面的时候，能够保持一个比较稳定的状态。不至于令地面显得太亮，地面显得太暗，或者反之的情况。

“Buy a super-wide-angle lens. Not a fish-eye lensa super-wide-angle lens (like a 12mm). If you're trying to capture it all, a super-wide-angle (sometimes called ultra-wide-angle) lens is often just the trick you need to take in the big picture. My favorite outdoor lens is my 1224mm zoom lens (which is also a good sports shooting lens by the way).”

焦距越短，视角也就越大，在拍摄壮阔的风景时，这样的镜头会比较好用。不过一般购买整机时有附带18~55m的镜头，我觉得为了节约起见，也可以使用。

“Don't try to capture it all. That's right, use a zoom lens and deliberately capture just a portion of the scene that suggests the whole. These can often be much more powerful than trying to fit everything into one photo, which often can lead to a photo without a clear subject, and with distracting images and backgrounds. This is why I often shoot with a 70200mm lensto get in tight on a portion of the scene.”

不要尝试去把所有的东西都拍摄下来，要学会放弃，要学会选择其中的重点来突出。

“So, when it comes to shooting wildlife, you want to get in incredibly tight. That's why the pros shoot with those giant 400mm and larger lenses. But if your budget doesn't allow for that (I know mine doesn't), you can cheat and use a teleconverter (also sometimes called a tele-extender). These basically extend the reach of your current telephoto (or zoom) lens by magnifying them. So if you have a 200mm telephoto (or zoom) lens (which is already equivalent to around a 300mm thanks to digital), and add a 1.4x or 2x teleconverter, you instantly have the equivalent of a 450mm or 600mm traditional telephoto lens.”

为了拍摄远处的局部画面就需要使用到长焦，这样才能把远处的动物拍的清楚。最简单，但是也是最昂贵的方法，是买一个新的镜头，但是也可以增距镜的方式来解决。我理解它的作用和近摄环应该是类似的。

“When you're shooting wildlife photography, your point of focus needs to be the animal's eyes. If they're not in focus, it doesn't matter what else is.”

拍摄动物和拍摄人物是一样，一个生物体最核心都是他的眼睛。把眼睛拍清楚了，我们再来看其他地方拍的怎么样。

“Besides just shooting the sunset itself, another great subject to shoot at sunset is silhouettes. There are two basic rules to shooting silhouettes: (1) make sure the subject (or the object) you're silhouetting is easily recognizable. I see lots of silhouette snapshots where my first thought is, "What is that thing?" Keep the object simple, and it will work much better. (2) Position your subject directly in front of the setting sun, so the sun is covered and helps outline your silhouette, then expose for the sky (this will pretty much make certain that your subject will appear in a black silhouette).”

我自己在拍摄日出和日落的时候就喜欢也喜欢把人物以剪影的形式拍出来。这样拍出来的效果对比强烈。如果拍的好的话，是有很强烈的美感，能给人留下深刻印象的。