想清楚，是为了更好去行动
一
卡内基的How To Win Friends And Influence People里面有一句话，要赢得辩论的唯一方式，是避免它。The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it ）
当大家憋着一肚子气准备开骂，你突然说，我不和你玩了。
Asking the right question是一本系统讲述批判性思维的入门级书籍，但是我们当中有些人，运用自己的“批判性思维”是用于挑错，吹毛求疵，自鸣得意，展示自己逻辑清晰，或者只是单单地证明，我比你聪明。
这种白痴行为对于我们人际关系的处理危害极大。但这是天性。(每个人都觉得自己比别人要聪明一点）所以我推荐这书要和卡内基的书结合来看。(http://book.douban.com/review/5291451/
)
Asking The Right Question一书真正有价值的地方就在于，它不单单教会了一套系统的逻辑思维论证方法，还告诉我们，我们如何通过“问对的问题”去避免我们社交上的尴尬，同时能令对方和自己得益，而不是“好心办坏事”。
问问题，证明你对他人感兴趣，and show your respect。运用你的批判性思维最白痴的一种途径就是，“你个白痴，你又错了”
二
但是批判性思维很难，极难掌握，是一门系统性工作。（Crticial thinking is hard, a systematic work)
本书提供了一个批判性思维的完整结构：
1、 什么是论题？什么是结论？
2、 理由是什么？
3、 哪些词语有歧义？
4、 什么是价值观冲突？什么是价值观假设？
5、 什么是描述性假设？
6、 推理中存在谬误吗？
7、 这些证据的可信度有多大？
8、 你发现干扰性原因了吗？
9、 统计数据是否具有欺骗性？
10、 哪些重要信息被遗漏了？
11、 什么结论可能是合理的？
每一项后面都有一些练习题供你练习，找出当中的错误。
三
作者说，批判性思维可以运用在两个地方，(1)Defend or (2)evaluate and revise your initial beliefs.
我们当中大部分人都是用在第一项，自我防卫，而更少用在后者。究其原因，还是由于天性。我们都倾向于自己由于"personal experience, background,intuition, personal observation"而认为自己是对的。能够思想足够开放，对了解和自己根深蒂固的观念相左的意见或者见解，是非常难得的，这也是最高级的批判性思维者最重要的特征。
对于自己来说，说实话，很难做到。 特别是那些自己犯过错而总结出来的经验和看法，几乎觉得就是真理。在下次跌跟头之前，我都会觉得是自己对的。
作者同样理解这种行为，因为如果没有自己的看法和价值观，你根本没法行动。保持对各种意见开放，是极难的，有时候会导致你左右摇摆，犹豫不决。所以，对于自己的理念要保持信心，根据你的想法去行动，最有效的学习方法始终都是“犯错-学习”的模式，但是在同时，内心深处要有一种声音：“Might I be wrong?”
最后，结尾的时候作者是这么说的，也是批判性思维的最有价值之处：
"Criticial thinking is not a sterile hobby, reserved only for taking exams or showing off your mental cleverness. It provides a basis for a partnership for action among the reasonable.Beliefs are wonderful, but their payoff is in our subsequent behavior. After you have found the best answer to a question,act on that answer, Make your criticial thinking the basis for the creation of an identitiy of which you can be pround. We look forward to benefiting from what you have learned."
批判性思维不是为了考试，或者显摆自己有多聪明。
它使我们在基于逻辑的情况去行动。
当你通过批判性思维，找到最好的答案的时候，最重要的，你要去行动。
Create something that we can be proud of ：）
2012.5.3
By Hammer
-------------------------------------------------------
1.通过问问题，我们表示了自己的好奇和尊敬
Questions require the person being asked the question to act in response. By our question, we are saying to the person: I am curious;I want to know more;help me. This request shows respect for the other person.
2人类的行为很复杂，答案其实大多是概率问题。正因如此，我们要保持开放。因为问题的答案不是那么确定。
.Because human behavior is so controversial and complex, the best answers that we can find for many questions about our behavior will be probabilistic in nature.But once we acknowledge that our commitments are based on probability and not certainty, we will be much more open to the reasoning of those who are trying to persuade us to change our minds.
3. 时间有限，别问那些无聊问题，别为琐碎的事浪费你的脑力。
Your time is valuable. Before taking the time to crittically evaluate an issue, ask the question, "Who care?"
4.两种作用：自我防卫，要么修改自己原来的理念
Critical thinking can be used to either defend or evaluate and revise your initial beliefs.
5. Critical thinker的特征：
1. Autonomy
2.Curiosity
3.Humility
4.Respect for good reasoning wherever you find it.
6.充满信心去行动，保持一种对自己的少少质疑
By all means, act with confidence based on your beliefs, but hold your conclusions with only that degree of firmness that permits you to still wonder to yourself, "Might I be wrong?"
7.You cannot determind the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons.
We often misunderstand what we read or hear because we presume that the meaning of words is obvious.
The more abstact a word or phrase , the more likely it is to be susceptible to multiple interpretations.
8.关于价值取向，这个很关键。要发现一个人的价值取向，你才能客观去判断。我们通常会对那些和我们价值取向相同的观点有共鸣感，and vice versa.
A person's preference for particular values is often unstatedm but htat value preference ,nevertheless, will have a major impact on her conclusion and on how she chooses to defend it.Our minds tend to like to put things in neat compartments, you have to work hard to tolerate the complexity of a person;s value preferences.
9.作者的背景相当重要，虽然并不绝对。但是一个人的背景相当程度上会影响他的看法和观点。
We suggested that a good starting point in finding assumptions is to check the background of the author.
Investigating their background as a clue to her value assumption is only a clue , and like other clues, it can be misleading unless it is used with care.
10. 例子和一些个人经验仅仅证明了那样的结果是“possible”，而不能证明它们是"typical or probable"，所以保持警惕。
A single striking experience or several such experiences can demonstrate that certain outcomes are possible ,however,cannot demonstrat that such outcomes are typical or probable.
11. 好的科研结果，始终是最好的证据来源之一。（判断好不好，用了一整章节去说明），因为它有三把斧：verifiablity,control and precison.
Scientific research , when conducted well, is one of our best sources of evidence because it emphasizes verifiablity,control and precison.
最后的，这段很关键，全抄下来了：
Most of us prefer simplicity to complexity. Decison and situations with simle answers permit us to move on rapidly and confidently to the next topic of life event. We don;t have to wrestle so hard and invest so much mental energy in simple situations. While it is unrealistic to consider all possible hypotheses,compel yourself to resist the bias for simplification. Work on yourself to look further before making important judgments . You cannot evaluate every possible spouse,for example,but you should look beyond your neighborhood.
我们都有一种将所有问题简单，不去想太多的倾向，因为想太多并不有利于行动。
而且考虑所有的可能性和假设也不现实，
但是作者作出了友善的提醒，在我们作出重大的抉择时，我们要尽量去看远，想深，你确实不可能评估所有有可能影响的因素，但是你可以看得比你邻居看得更远，You should look beyond your neighborhood
End
卡内基的How To Win Friends And Influence People里面有一句话，要赢得辩论的唯一方式，是避免它。The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it ）
当大家憋着一肚子气准备开骂，你突然说，我不和你玩了。
Asking the right question是一本系统讲述批判性思维的入门级书籍，但是我们当中有些人，运用自己的“批判性思维”是用于挑错，吹毛求疵，自鸣得意，展示自己逻辑清晰，或者只是单单地证明，我比你聪明。
这种白痴行为对于我们人际关系的处理危害极大。但这是天性。(每个人都觉得自己比别人要聪明一点）所以我推荐这书要和卡内基的书结合来看。(http://book.douban.com/review/5291451/
)
Asking The Right Question一书真正有价值的地方就在于，它不单单教会了一套系统的逻辑思维论证方法，还告诉我们，我们如何通过“问对的问题”去避免我们社交上的尴尬，同时能令对方和自己得益，而不是“好心办坏事”。
问问题，证明你对他人感兴趣，and show your respect。运用你的批判性思维最白痴的一种途径就是，“你个白痴，你又错了”
二
但是批判性思维很难，极难掌握，是一门系统性工作。（Crticial thinking is hard, a systematic work)
本书提供了一个批判性思维的完整结构：
1、 什么是论题？什么是结论？
2、 理由是什么？
3、 哪些词语有歧义？
4、 什么是价值观冲突？什么是价值观假设？
5、 什么是描述性假设？
6、 推理中存在谬误吗？
7、 这些证据的可信度有多大？
8、 你发现干扰性原因了吗？
9、 统计数据是否具有欺骗性？
10、 哪些重要信息被遗漏了？
11、 什么结论可能是合理的？
每一项后面都有一些练习题供你练习，找出当中的错误。
三
作者说，批判性思维可以运用在两个地方，(1)Defend or (2)evaluate and revise your initial beliefs.
我们当中大部分人都是用在第一项，自我防卫，而更少用在后者。究其原因，还是由于天性。我们都倾向于自己由于"personal experience, background,intuition, personal observation"而认为自己是对的。能够思想足够开放，对了解和自己根深蒂固的观念相左的意见或者见解，是非常难得的，这也是最高级的批判性思维者最重要的特征。
对于自己来说，说实话，很难做到。 特别是那些自己犯过错而总结出来的经验和看法，几乎觉得就是真理。在下次跌跟头之前，我都会觉得是自己对的。
作者同样理解这种行为，因为如果没有自己的看法和价值观，你根本没法行动。保持对各种意见开放，是极难的，有时候会导致你左右摇摆，犹豫不决。所以，对于自己的理念要保持信心，根据你的想法去行动，最有效的学习方法始终都是“犯错-学习”的模式，但是在同时，内心深处要有一种声音：“Might I be wrong?”
最后，结尾的时候作者是这么说的，也是批判性思维的最有价值之处：
"Criticial thinking is not a sterile hobby, reserved only for taking exams or showing off your mental cleverness. It provides a basis for a partnership for action among the reasonable.Beliefs are wonderful, but their payoff is in our subsequent behavior. After you have found the best answer to a question,act on that answer, Make your criticial thinking the basis for the creation of an identitiy of which you can be pround. We look forward to benefiting from what you have learned."
批判性思维不是为了考试，或者显摆自己有多聪明。
它使我们在基于逻辑的情况去行动。
当你通过批判性思维，找到最好的答案的时候，最重要的，你要去行动。
Create something that we can be proud of ：）
2012.5.3
By Hammer
-------------------------------------------------------
1.通过问问题，我们表示了自己的好奇和尊敬
Questions require the person being asked the question to act in response. By our question, we are saying to the person: I am curious;I want to know more;help me. This request shows respect for the other person.
2人类的行为很复杂，答案其实大多是概率问题。正因如此，我们要保持开放。因为问题的答案不是那么确定。
.Because human behavior is so controversial and complex, the best answers that we can find for many questions about our behavior will be probabilistic in nature.But once we acknowledge that our commitments are based on probability and not certainty, we will be much more open to the reasoning of those who are trying to persuade us to change our minds.
3. 时间有限，别问那些无聊问题，别为琐碎的事浪费你的脑力。
Your time is valuable. Before taking the time to crittically evaluate an issue, ask the question, "Who care?"
4.两种作用：自我防卫，要么修改自己原来的理念
Critical thinking can be used to either defend or evaluate and revise your initial beliefs.
5. Critical thinker的特征：
1. Autonomy
2.Curiosity
3.Humility
4.Respect for good reasoning wherever you find it.
6.充满信心去行动，保持一种对自己的少少质疑
By all means, act with confidence based on your beliefs, but hold your conclusions with only that degree of firmness that permits you to still wonder to yourself, "Might I be wrong?"
7.You cannot determind the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons.
We often misunderstand what we read or hear because we presume that the meaning of words is obvious.
The more abstact a word or phrase , the more likely it is to be susceptible to multiple interpretations.
8.关于价值取向，这个很关键。要发现一个人的价值取向，你才能客观去判断。我们通常会对那些和我们价值取向相同的观点有共鸣感，and vice versa.
A person's preference for particular values is often unstatedm but htat value preference ,nevertheless, will have a major impact on her conclusion and on how she chooses to defend it.Our minds tend to like to put things in neat compartments, you have to work hard to tolerate the complexity of a person;s value preferences.
9.作者的背景相当重要，虽然并不绝对。但是一个人的背景相当程度上会影响他的看法和观点。
We suggested that a good starting point in finding assumptions is to check the background of the author.
Investigating their background as a clue to her value assumption is only a clue , and like other clues, it can be misleading unless it is used with care.
10. 例子和一些个人经验仅仅证明了那样的结果是“possible”，而不能证明它们是"typical or probable"，所以保持警惕。
A single striking experience or several such experiences can demonstrate that certain outcomes are possible ,however,cannot demonstrat that such outcomes are typical or probable.
11. 好的科研结果，始终是最好的证据来源之一。（判断好不好，用了一整章节去说明），因为它有三把斧：verifiablity,control and precison.
Scientific research , when conducted well, is one of our best sources of evidence because it emphasizes verifiablity,control and precison.
最后的，这段很关键，全抄下来了：
Most of us prefer simplicity to complexity. Decison and situations with simle answers permit us to move on rapidly and confidently to the next topic of life event. We don;t have to wrestle so hard and invest so much mental energy in simple situations. While it is unrealistic to consider all possible hypotheses,compel yourself to resist the bias for simplification. Work on yourself to look further before making important judgments . You cannot evaluate every possible spouse,for example,but you should look beyond your neighborhood.
我们都有一种将所有问题简单，不去想太多的倾向，因为想太多并不有利于行动。
而且考虑所有的可能性和假设也不现实，
但是作者作出了友善的提醒，在我们作出重大的抉择时，我们要尽量去看远，想深，你确实不可能评估所有有可能影响的因素，但是你可以看得比你邻居看得更远，You should look beyond your neighborhood
End
有关键情节透露
- 作者: M. Neil Browne / Stuart M. Keeley
- 出版: Prentice Hall
- 定价: USD 48.20
- 装帧: Paperback
- 页数: 240
- 时间: 2006-2-10