“意欲”、“意志”、“希望”
我解“意欲”
叔本华思想中，意欲是核心概念。该词的德文原本是Wille，而英文译本则都选择了Will。直译过来就是“意志”。但叔本华又明确表示意欲是世界的本质，是物质，是真理，是客观实在，是物自体（自在之物），是理性无法完整全面、准确无疑的认知的。如果翻译成“意志”，我们总会从心底产生疑问，“意志”这样一个中文词汇通常只是代表人类的一种精神特质，有这么本质、伟大、深奥、神秘吗？所以在译成中文的时候，“意欲”的译法获得好评，这种崭新的、高大上的译法让人觉得对得起世界本质这个定位了。比如：
韦启昌先生在译本前言对该词的解释是：
“中文对叔本华的意欲(wille)的翻译就是“意志”。但笔者认为，“意志”一词在中文里是与人的认知，亦即与人为的具体目的、决定和计划有关的心理状态，和“毅力”一类的词同一种类，但叔本华概念中的"wille”，其现象却是盲目，没有目的的欲望、意愿、恐惧等，与认知没有直接的关系。所以意欲实为更加精确、贴切的中文译词。”
摘录来自: 《叔本华思想随笔》
但是现代汉语里面“意欲”的含义同样是不清楚的。“意欲何为”不过是打算干什么。如果把世界的本质、自在之物、真理和物质这些客观实在都解释为“打算干什么”，似乎也是一头雾水。专家的解读丝毫不会使我们清醒，反而更加不知所云。
韦启昌先生的解读是：
“意欲是这个世界的本源，它超越于时间、空间和因果律以外，既没有原因，也没有目的；它盲目、不顾一切地争取客体化。我们这个存在于时间、空间、遵循着因果律的复杂多样的现象世界就是意欲的产物和表现，是意欲在时、空中的客体化。由于意欲在客体化的过程中遵循着个体化原理，亦即存在于现象世界中的具体、单个组成部分的意欲各自为战，为生存、发展而努力；在现象界中，这也表现在低一级的形态向着高一级的形态的争取、斗争之中，所以，意欲客体化的过程是一场永恒的、无目的的斗争和发展；它与痛苦和灾难不可分割地联系在一起。”
摘录来自: 《叔本华思想随笔》
因为对德文和拉丁文实在无知，只能从英文入手，从Will上下功夫，看看是否能有所得。根据《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》：
MODAL VERB USES 情态动词用法
Will is a modal verb. It is used with the base form of a verb. In spoken English and informal written English, the form won't is often used in negative statements.
will是情态动词，与动词原形连用。在口语与非正式书面语中，否定形式常用 won't。
1. MODAL 将;将会;将要 You use will to indicate that you hope, think, or have evidence that something is going to happen or be the case in the future.
The Prime Minister is now 64 years old and in all probability this will be the last election that he is likely to contest...
首相现年64岁，这多半将会是他可能参加的最后一次选举了。
You will find a wide variety of choices available in school cafeterias...
在学校的自助餐厅里你会发现有很多饮食可供选择。
Representatives from across the horse industry will attend the meeting...
整个赛马业的代表都将参加这次会议。
2. MODAL (表示将来的正式安排) You use will in order to make statements about official arrangements in the future.
The show will be open to the public at 2pm; admission will be 50p...
演出下午两点开始，入场费50便士。
When will I be released, sir?
什么时候放我出去，先生？
3. MODAL (表示承诺或威胁)会，要 You use will in order to make promises and threats about what is going to happen or be the case in the future.
I'll call you tonight...
我晚上会给你打电话。
Price quotes on selected product categories will be sent on request...
所选产品类别的报价承索即寄。
If she refuses to follow rules about car safety, she won't be allowed to use the car.
如果她拒绝遵守汽车安全的有关规定，就不会让她使用汽车。
4. MODAL (指某人的打算)想要，将 You use will to indicate someone's intention to do something.
I will say no more on these matters, important though they are...
虽然这些事很重要，我也不想再说什么了。
In this section we will describe common myths about cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana...
在这一节，我们将说明有关烟、酒和大麻的常见谬论。
'Dinner's ready.' — 'Thanks, Carrie, but we'll have a drink first.'...
“饭好啦。”——“谢谢，卡丽，不过我们想先来一杯。”
5. MODAL (用于问句，表示礼貌地邀请或提议)愿否，…好吗 You use will in questions in order to make polite invitations or offers.
Will you stay for supper?...
你愿意留下吃晚饭吗？
Will you join me for a drink?...
你愿意跟我一起喝一杯吗？
Won't you sit down?
你坐下来好吗？
6. MODAL (用于问句中，表示请求或让某人做某事)…好吗，…行吗 You use will in questions in order to ask or tell someone to do something.
Will you drive me home?...
你开车送我回家好吗？
Will you listen again, Andrew?...
安德鲁，再听一遍好吗？
Wipe the jam off my mouth, will you?
你帮忙把我嘴上的果酱擦掉，好吗？
7. MODAL (用于命令) You can use will in statements to give an order to someone.
You will do as I request, if you please...
请按我的要求做。
You will now maintain radio silence...
现在请保持无线电静默。
You will not make jokes about him. He has been very good to me...
别开他的玩笑，他一直对我很好。
8. MODAL See also: willing; 愿意/不愿 You use will to say that someone is willing to do something. You use will not or won't to indicate that someone refuses to do something.
All right, I'll forgive you...
好吧，我愿意原谅你。
I'll answer the phone...
我来接电话。
If you won't let me pay for a taxi, then at least allow me to lend you something...
如果你不愿让我付出租车费，至少让我借点什么给你吧。
9. MODAL （表示将来能做某事）将,能 You use will to say that a person or thing is able to do something in the future.
How the country will defend itself in the future has become increasingly important...
国家将来如何能自卫已经变得越来越重要了。
How will I recognize you?
我怎样才能认出你呢？
10. MODAL (表示行为发生的经常性、习惯性)经常，惯于，总是 You use will to indicate that an action usually happens in the particular way mentioned.
The thicker the material, the less susceptible the garment will be to wet conditions...
布料越厚实，衣服就越不容易浸湿。
There's no snake known that will habitually attack human beings unless threatened with its life...
除非自己的生命受到了威胁，已知的蛇中还没有习惯性地攻击人类的。
Art thieves will often hide an important work for years after it has been stolen.
艺术品盗贼偷走重要艺术品后常常会把它藏匿好几年。
11. MODAL (用于含有 if 和 unless 的句子的主句中，表示非常可能发生)会，就 You use will in the main clause of some 'if' and 'unless' sentences to indicate something that you consider to be fairly likely to happen.
If you overcook the pancakes they will be difficult to roll...
如果薄饼烙久了，就很难卷起来。
If a nuclear war breaks out, every living thing will be wiped off the face of the Earth...
如果核战争爆发，地球上的所有生物都会被毁灭。
He won't stop drinking unless he's told by a doctor that it's killing him.
除非医生告诉他喝酒会要他的命，否则他是不会戒酒的。
12. MODAL 一定要;非…不可 You use will to say that someone insists on behaving or doing something in a particular way and you cannot change them. You emphasize will when you use it in this way.
He will leave his socks lying all over the place and it drives me mad.
他非要把袜子扔得到处都是，这简直要让我疯掉了。
13. MODAL (与过去分词连用，表示非常肯定将来会发生某事)定会 You use will have with a past participle when you are saying that you are fairly certain that something will be true by a particular time in the future.
As many as ten-million children will have been infected with the virus by the end of the decade...
到这个十年结束时，多达千万的儿童将会感染上这种病毒。
He will have left by January the fifteenth.
到1月15日他肯定已经离开了。
14. MODAL (与过去分词连用，表示相当肯定)会，将 You use will have with a past participle to indicate that you are fairly sure that something is the case.
If someone has been in captivity for a long time, he will have changed as a result of his experience...
如果某人遭到长时间囚禁，他会因为他的经历而有所改变。
The holiday will have done him the world of good.
假期定会对他大有好处。
WANTING SOMETHING TO HAPPEN 希望某事发生
1. N-VAR See also: free will; 意志;决心 Will is the determination to do something.
He was said to have lost his will to live.
据说他已经失去了生存的意志。
...the inevitable battle of wills as your child realizes that he can't do or have everything he wants...
当孩子意识到他不能随心所欲地想干什么就干什么、想要什么就有什么的时候，他和父母之间意志的较量就不可避免
He who was usually so full of questions lacked the will to confront her with them.
通常有很多疑问的他却缺乏向她质询的决心。
2. N-SING 意愿;意志 If something is the will of a person or group of people with authority, they want it to happen.
He has submitted himself to the will of God...
他让自己听从上帝的意志。
Democracy responds and adjusts to the will of the people...
民主响应并顺应人民的意志。
The parliament didn't deserve to represent the nation's will.
国会不配代表全国人民的意志。
3. VERB 想要(某事发生) If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen by using mental effort rather than physical effort.
I looked at the telephone, willing it to ring...
我看着电话，希望它响起来。
He was watching her fixedly, willing her to look at him.
他凝视着她，希望她也看他。
4. N-COUNT 遗嘱 A will is a document in which you declare what you want to happen to your money and property when you die.
Attached to his will was a letter he had written to his wife just days before his death.
和遗嘱附在一起的是一封他去世前几天写给妻子的信。
5. VERB 将…遗赠 If you will something to someone, you say in your will that they should have it when you die.
The large sum of money that came to him when she died was a shock, and he had not spent a penny of it on himself. He had, however, willed it to Frank.
她去世时他继承的那一大笔钱数额惊人，但他在自己身上未花分文，而是将其遗赠给了弗兰克。
6. PHRASE 违背…的意志;违背…的愿望 If something is done against your will, it is done even though you do not want it to be done.
No doubt he was forced to leave his family against his will.
无疑，他是不情愿地被迫离家的。
7. PHRASE 任意;随意 If you can do something at will, you can do it when you want and as much as you want.
...scientists who can adjust their experiments at will.
可以任意对实验进行调整的科学家
8. PHRASE 热情地;劲头十足地 If you do something with a will, you do it with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.
Set to work with a will and be pleased with the amount you get done...
干活时卖力干，干了多少都满意。
It was an easy opening circuit, but the riders attacked it with a will.
这一段起始赛道十分平缓，但车手们都铆足了劲往前冲。
假设德文Wille和英文Will同源同根，含义相差不大的话，我觉得以后就不要翻译成中文了，因为“意志”和“意欲”毫无疑问都窄化了Will的含义。在对叔本华著作英文版的考察中，Will这个词的词性的确不局限于名词。那么我们还是按Will本身的意思来理解，更好。如果非要翻译成汉语，翻成“希望”岂不是更具备正能量，“希望”是世界的本质、本源、是自在之物、是真理、是物质，同时也是我们永远不能通过理性来完整、准确认知的。“希望”超越时间、空间和因果律以外，既没有原因，也没有目的；它盲目、不顾一切地争取实现自己。我们这个存在于时间、空间、遵循着因果律的复杂多样的现象世界就是“希望”的产物和表现，是“希望”在时、空中的自我实现。由于“希望”在自我实现的过程中遵循着个体化原理，亦即存在于现象世界中的具体、单个组成部分的“希望”各自为战，为生存、发展而努力；在现象界中，这也表现在低一级的形态向着高一级的形态的争取、斗争之中，所以，“希望”自我实现的过程是一场永恒的、无目的的斗争和发展；它与痛苦和灾难不可分割地联系在一起。多么通顺明了。
简化版如下：
作为情态动词：
1. 将;将会;将要 You use will to indicate that you hope, think, or have evidence that something is going to happen or be the case in the future.
2.表示将来的正式安排 You use will in order to make statements about official arrangements in the future.
3. （表示承诺或威胁）会，要。 You use will in order to make promises and threats about what is going to happen or be the case in the future.
4.（指某人的打算）想要，将。 You use will to indicate someone's intention to do something.
I will say no more on these matters, important though they are...
5. （用于问句，表示礼貌地邀请或提议）愿否，…好吗 You use will in questions in order to make polite invitations or offers.
6. （用于问句中，表示请求或让某人做某事）…好吗，…行吗 You use will in questions in order to ask or tell someone to do something.
7. （用于命令）要。 You can use will in statements to give an order to someone.
8. 愿意 You use will to say that someone is willing to do something. You use will not or won't to indicate that someone refuses to do something.
9. （表示将来能做某事）将,能 You use will to say that a person or thing is able to do something in the future.
10. （表示行为发生的经常性、习惯性）经常，惯于，总是 You use will to indicate that an action usually happens in the particular way mentioned.
11. （用于含有 if 和 unless 的句子的主句中，表示非常可能发生）会，就 You use will in the main clause of some 'if' and 'unless' sentences to indicate something that you consider to be fairly likely to happen.
12. 一定要;非…不可 You use will to say that someone insists on behaving or doing something in a particular way and you cannot change them. You emphasize will when you use it in this way.
13. （与过去分词连用，表示非常肯定将来会发生某事）定会 You use will have with a past participle when you are saying that you are fairly certain that something will be true by a particular time in the future.
14. （与过去分词连用，表示相当肯定）会，将 You use will have with a past participle to indicate that you are fairly sure that something is the case.
作为名词：
1. 意志;决心 Will is the determination to do something.
2. 意愿;意志 If something is the will of a person or group of people with authority, they want it to happen.
3. 遗嘱 A will is a document in which you declare what you want to happen to your money and property when you die.
作为动词：
1. 想要(某事发生) If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen by using mental effort rather than physical effort.
2. 将…遗赠 If you will something to someone, you say in your will that they should have it when you die.
作为短语组合：
1. against someone's will 违背…的意志;违背…的愿望 If something is done against your will, it is done even though you do not want it to be done.
2. at will 任意;随意 If you can do something at will, you can do it when you want and as much as you want.
3. with a will 热情地;劲头十足地 If you do something with a will, you do it with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.
叔本华思想中，意欲是核心概念。该词的德文原本是Wille，而英文译本则都选择了Will。直译过来就是“意志”。但叔本华又明确表示意欲是世界的本质，是物质，是真理，是客观实在，是物自体（自在之物），是理性无法完整全面、准确无疑的认知的。如果翻译成“意志”，我们总会从心底产生疑问，“意志”这样一个中文词汇通常只是代表人类的一种精神特质，有这么本质、伟大、深奥、神秘吗？所以在译成中文的时候，“意欲”的译法获得好评，这种崭新的、高大上的译法让人觉得对得起世界本质这个定位了。比如：
韦启昌先生在译本前言对该词的解释是：
“中文对叔本华的意欲(wille)的翻译就是“意志”。但笔者认为，“意志”一词在中文里是与人的认知，亦即与人为的具体目的、决定和计划有关的心理状态，和“毅力”一类的词同一种类，但叔本华概念中的"wille”，其现象却是盲目，没有目的的欲望、意愿、恐惧等，与认知没有直接的关系。所以意欲实为更加精确、贴切的中文译词。”
摘录来自: 《叔本华思想随笔》
但是现代汉语里面“意欲”的含义同样是不清楚的。“意欲何为”不过是打算干什么。如果把世界的本质、自在之物、真理和物质这些客观实在都解释为“打算干什么”，似乎也是一头雾水。专家的解读丝毫不会使我们清醒，反而更加不知所云。
韦启昌先生的解读是：
“意欲是这个世界的本源，它超越于时间、空间和因果律以外，既没有原因，也没有目的；它盲目、不顾一切地争取客体化。我们这个存在于时间、空间、遵循着因果律的复杂多样的现象世界就是意欲的产物和表现，是意欲在时、空中的客体化。由于意欲在客体化的过程中遵循着个体化原理，亦即存在于现象世界中的具体、单个组成部分的意欲各自为战，为生存、发展而努力；在现象界中，这也表现在低一级的形态向着高一级的形态的争取、斗争之中，所以，意欲客体化的过程是一场永恒的、无目的的斗争和发展；它与痛苦和灾难不可分割地联系在一起。”
摘录来自: 《叔本华思想随笔》
因为对德文和拉丁文实在无知，只能从英文入手，从Will上下功夫，看看是否能有所得。根据《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》：
MODAL VERB USES 情态动词用法
Will is a modal verb. It is used with the base form of a verb. In spoken English and informal written English, the form won't is often used in negative statements.
will是情态动词，与动词原形连用。在口语与非正式书面语中，否定形式常用 won't。
1. MODAL 将;将会;将要 You use will to indicate that you hope, think, or have evidence that something is going to happen or be the case in the future.
The Prime Minister is now 64 years old and in all probability this will be the last election that he is likely to contest...
首相现年64岁，这多半将会是他可能参加的最后一次选举了。
You will find a wide variety of choices available in school cafeterias...
在学校的自助餐厅里你会发现有很多饮食可供选择。
Representatives from across the horse industry will attend the meeting...
整个赛马业的代表都将参加这次会议。
2. MODAL (表示将来的正式安排) You use will in order to make statements about official arrangements in the future.
The show will be open to the public at 2pm; admission will be 50p...
演出下午两点开始，入场费50便士。
When will I be released, sir?
什么时候放我出去，先生？
3. MODAL (表示承诺或威胁)会，要 You use will in order to make promises and threats about what is going to happen or be the case in the future.
I'll call you tonight...
我晚上会给你打电话。
Price quotes on selected product categories will be sent on request...
所选产品类别的报价承索即寄。
If she refuses to follow rules about car safety, she won't be allowed to use the car.
如果她拒绝遵守汽车安全的有关规定，就不会让她使用汽车。
4. MODAL (指某人的打算)想要，将 You use will to indicate someone's intention to do something.
I will say no more on these matters, important though they are...
虽然这些事很重要，我也不想再说什么了。
In this section we will describe common myths about cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana...
在这一节，我们将说明有关烟、酒和大麻的常见谬论。
'Dinner's ready.' — 'Thanks, Carrie, but we'll have a drink first.'...
“饭好啦。”——“谢谢，卡丽，不过我们想先来一杯。”
5. MODAL (用于问句，表示礼貌地邀请或提议)愿否，…好吗 You use will in questions in order to make polite invitations or offers.
Will you stay for supper?...
你愿意留下吃晚饭吗？
Will you join me for a drink?...
你愿意跟我一起喝一杯吗？
Won't you sit down?
你坐下来好吗？
6. MODAL (用于问句中，表示请求或让某人做某事)…好吗，…行吗 You use will in questions in order to ask or tell someone to do something.
Will you drive me home?...
你开车送我回家好吗？
Will you listen again, Andrew?...
安德鲁，再听一遍好吗？
Wipe the jam off my mouth, will you?
你帮忙把我嘴上的果酱擦掉，好吗？
7. MODAL (用于命令) You can use will in statements to give an order to someone.
You will do as I request, if you please...
请按我的要求做。
You will now maintain radio silence...
现在请保持无线电静默。
You will not make jokes about him. He has been very good to me...
别开他的玩笑，他一直对我很好。
8. MODAL See also: willing; 愿意/不愿 You use will to say that someone is willing to do something. You use will not or won't to indicate that someone refuses to do something.
All right, I'll forgive you...
好吧，我愿意原谅你。
I'll answer the phone...
我来接电话。
If you won't let me pay for a taxi, then at least allow me to lend you something...
如果你不愿让我付出租车费，至少让我借点什么给你吧。
9. MODAL （表示将来能做某事）将,能 You use will to say that a person or thing is able to do something in the future.
How the country will defend itself in the future has become increasingly important...
国家将来如何能自卫已经变得越来越重要了。
How will I recognize you?
我怎样才能认出你呢？
10. MODAL (表示行为发生的经常性、习惯性)经常，惯于，总是 You use will to indicate that an action usually happens in the particular way mentioned.
The thicker the material, the less susceptible the garment will be to wet conditions...
布料越厚实，衣服就越不容易浸湿。
There's no snake known that will habitually attack human beings unless threatened with its life...
除非自己的生命受到了威胁，已知的蛇中还没有习惯性地攻击人类的。
Art thieves will often hide an important work for years after it has been stolen.
艺术品盗贼偷走重要艺术品后常常会把它藏匿好几年。
11. MODAL (用于含有 if 和 unless 的句子的主句中，表示非常可能发生)会，就 You use will in the main clause of some 'if' and 'unless' sentences to indicate something that you consider to be fairly likely to happen.
If you overcook the pancakes they will be difficult to roll...
如果薄饼烙久了，就很难卷起来。
If a nuclear war breaks out, every living thing will be wiped off the face of the Earth...
如果核战争爆发，地球上的所有生物都会被毁灭。
He won't stop drinking unless he's told by a doctor that it's killing him.
除非医生告诉他喝酒会要他的命，否则他是不会戒酒的。
12. MODAL 一定要;非…不可 You use will to say that someone insists on behaving or doing something in a particular way and you cannot change them. You emphasize will when you use it in this way.
He will leave his socks lying all over the place and it drives me mad.
他非要把袜子扔得到处都是，这简直要让我疯掉了。
13. MODAL (与过去分词连用，表示非常肯定将来会发生某事)定会 You use will have with a past participle when you are saying that you are fairly certain that something will be true by a particular time in the future.
As many as ten-million children will have been infected with the virus by the end of the decade...
到这个十年结束时，多达千万的儿童将会感染上这种病毒。
He will have left by January the fifteenth.
到1月15日他肯定已经离开了。
14. MODAL (与过去分词连用，表示相当肯定)会，将 You use will have with a past participle to indicate that you are fairly sure that something is the case.
If someone has been in captivity for a long time, he will have changed as a result of his experience...
如果某人遭到长时间囚禁，他会因为他的经历而有所改变。
The holiday will have done him the world of good.
假期定会对他大有好处。
WANTING SOMETHING TO HAPPEN 希望某事发生
1. N-VAR See also: free will; 意志;决心 Will is the determination to do something.
He was said to have lost his will to live.
据说他已经失去了生存的意志。
...the inevitable battle of wills as your child realizes that he can't do or have everything he wants...
当孩子意识到他不能随心所欲地想干什么就干什么、想要什么就有什么的时候，他和父母之间意志的较量就不可避免
He who was usually so full of questions lacked the will to confront her with them.
通常有很多疑问的他却缺乏向她质询的决心。
2. N-SING 意愿;意志 If something is the will of a person or group of people with authority, they want it to happen.
He has submitted himself to the will of God...
他让自己听从上帝的意志。
Democracy responds and adjusts to the will of the people...
民主响应并顺应人民的意志。
The parliament didn't deserve to represent the nation's will.
国会不配代表全国人民的意志。
3. VERB 想要(某事发生) If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen by using mental effort rather than physical effort.
I looked at the telephone, willing it to ring...
我看着电话，希望它响起来。
He was watching her fixedly, willing her to look at him.
他凝视着她，希望她也看他。
4. N-COUNT 遗嘱 A will is a document in which you declare what you want to happen to your money and property when you die.
Attached to his will was a letter he had written to his wife just days before his death.
和遗嘱附在一起的是一封他去世前几天写给妻子的信。
5. VERB 将…遗赠 If you will something to someone, you say in your will that they should have it when you die.
The large sum of money that came to him when she died was a shock, and he had not spent a penny of it on himself. He had, however, willed it to Frank.
她去世时他继承的那一大笔钱数额惊人，但他在自己身上未花分文，而是将其遗赠给了弗兰克。
6. PHRASE 违背…的意志;违背…的愿望 If something is done against your will, it is done even though you do not want it to be done.
No doubt he was forced to leave his family against his will.
无疑，他是不情愿地被迫离家的。
7. PHRASE 任意;随意 If you can do something at will, you can do it when you want and as much as you want.
...scientists who can adjust their experiments at will.
可以任意对实验进行调整的科学家
8. PHRASE 热情地;劲头十足地 If you do something with a will, you do it with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.
Set to work with a will and be pleased with the amount you get done...
干活时卖力干，干了多少都满意。
It was an easy opening circuit, but the riders attacked it with a will.
这一段起始赛道十分平缓，但车手们都铆足了劲往前冲。
假设德文Wille和英文Will同源同根，含义相差不大的话，我觉得以后就不要翻译成中文了，因为“意志”和“意欲”毫无疑问都窄化了Will的含义。在对叔本华著作英文版的考察中，Will这个词的词性的确不局限于名词。那么我们还是按Will本身的意思来理解，更好。如果非要翻译成汉语，翻成“希望”岂不是更具备正能量，“希望”是世界的本质、本源、是自在之物、是真理、是物质，同时也是我们永远不能通过理性来完整、准确认知的。“希望”超越时间、空间和因果律以外，既没有原因，也没有目的；它盲目、不顾一切地争取实现自己。我们这个存在于时间、空间、遵循着因果律的复杂多样的现象世界就是“希望”的产物和表现，是“希望”在时、空中的自我实现。由于“希望”在自我实现的过程中遵循着个体化原理，亦即存在于现象世界中的具体、单个组成部分的“希望”各自为战，为生存、发展而努力；在现象界中，这也表现在低一级的形态向着高一级的形态的争取、斗争之中，所以，“希望”自我实现的过程是一场永恒的、无目的的斗争和发展；它与痛苦和灾难不可分割地联系在一起。多么通顺明了。
简化版如下：
作为情态动词：
1. 将;将会;将要 You use will to indicate that you hope, think, or have evidence that something is going to happen or be the case in the future.
2.表示将来的正式安排 You use will in order to make statements about official arrangements in the future.
3. （表示承诺或威胁）会，要。 You use will in order to make promises and threats about what is going to happen or be the case in the future.
4.（指某人的打算）想要，将。 You use will to indicate someone's intention to do something.
I will say no more on these matters, important though they are...
5. （用于问句，表示礼貌地邀请或提议）愿否，…好吗 You use will in questions in order to make polite invitations or offers.
6. （用于问句中，表示请求或让某人做某事）…好吗，…行吗 You use will in questions in order to ask or tell someone to do something.
7. （用于命令）要。 You can use will in statements to give an order to someone.
8. 愿意 You use will to say that someone is willing to do something. You use will not or won't to indicate that someone refuses to do something.
9. （表示将来能做某事）将,能 You use will to say that a person or thing is able to do something in the future.
10. （表示行为发生的经常性、习惯性）经常，惯于，总是 You use will to indicate that an action usually happens in the particular way mentioned.
11. （用于含有 if 和 unless 的句子的主句中，表示非常可能发生）会，就 You use will in the main clause of some 'if' and 'unless' sentences to indicate something that you consider to be fairly likely to happen.
12. 一定要;非…不可 You use will to say that someone insists on behaving or doing something in a particular way and you cannot change them. You emphasize will when you use it in this way.
13. （与过去分词连用，表示非常肯定将来会发生某事）定会 You use will have with a past participle when you are saying that you are fairly certain that something will be true by a particular time in the future.
14. （与过去分词连用，表示相当肯定）会，将 You use will have with a past participle to indicate that you are fairly sure that something is the case.
作为名词：
1. 意志;决心 Will is the determination to do something.
2. 意愿;意志 If something is the will of a person or group of people with authority, they want it to happen.
3. 遗嘱 A will is a document in which you declare what you want to happen to your money and property when you die.
作为动词：
1. 想要(某事发生) If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen by using mental effort rather than physical effort.
2. 将…遗赠 If you will something to someone, you say in your will that they should have it when you die.
作为短语组合：
1. against someone's will 违背…的意志;违背…的愿望 If something is done against your will, it is done even though you do not want it to be done.
2. at will 任意;随意 If you can do something at will, you can do it when you want and as much as you want.
3. with a will 热情地;劲头十足地 If you do something with a will, you do it with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.
有关键情节透露
