第一次世界大战回忆录（全五卷）

1905-1910年英國的暴力衝突時期--start from 18961. 詹姆森襲擊事件（Jameson Raid） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Raid 对南非共和国的一次征伐（1895年12月-1896年1月），目的在于同南非河边高地白人工人的叛乱联合起来，以推翻克鲁格（Kruger）总统的政府。驻在索尔兹里堡的南非公司职员詹姆森（L.S. Jameson, 1853-1917）率领一支英国南非警察部队侵入德蘭瓦士（Transvaal），但被轻易地击败和捕获。德皇威廉二世给克鲁格拍去贺电。这一事件在英国引起严重的政府危机和紧张气氛，终于导致布尔战争。2.布尔战争（Boer War）（維基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Wars （其他註釋）http://mil.big5.anhuinews.com/system/2003/03/18/000276732.shtml 参考：http://archive.org/stream/greatboerwar01doylgoog#page/n11/mode/2up 南非原是荷蘭殖民地後被英國統治，19世紀30-40年代，荷蘭裔布爾人建立德蘭士瓦共和國（Transvaal Republic,南非省名）和奧蘭治自由邦(Orange Free State,南非中部省份，首府布隆才丹)，19世紀末兩邦分別發現的儲量巨大的金礦和鑽石，大量英國人到達南非淘金，同布爾人國家爆發衝突。1899年10月11日，英軍和布爾人爆發戰爭。第一次布尔战争（first Anglo-Boer War，1880-1881）结束后，德皇于1896年为詹姆森袭击事件致电南非的德蘭士瓦克鲁格尔（Kruger）总统（Kruger Telegram）。Since 1873, international trade increasingly based on gold as standard monetary exchange had grown dramatically. For century, this busy international system with finance underpinned by the gold fields of the rand within the city of London. For chamber, the integration of the Transvaal and British dominated union in South America became a pressing necessity.Learning Point: 这一政府决定导致了英国外交政策转变，有原来的光荣孤立（splendid isolation）转为寻求联盟。Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer Although Boer accepted the British rule without resistance,they fought two wars in late 19th century to defend their internationally recognized countries, the republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (OFS), against the threat of annexation by the British Crown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War Boer Republic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Republics Orange Free State: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Free_State Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzZ_v_LxhTs3. 咔叽大选（Khaki Election）（維基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki_election 1900年南非布尔战争后英执政党为摆脱国内不利局势而举行的一会突击大选。United Kingdom General Election, 1900 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_19005.維多利亞時期 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era國際危機6. 第一次摩洛哥危機--德國vs法國

1905 年早期，一个法国外交使团来到非斯。使团人员的言语和行动似乎表现出有意把摩洛哥当作法国保护国对待，因而不理会马德里条约规定的国际义务。摩洛哥苏丹向德国呼吁，查问法国是否得到授权以欧洲的名义说话。此刻德国能够作为国际协议捍卫者站出来说话，指出法国破坏协议。在这种指责的后面有明显的意图，也就是告诉法国，她承担不了与英国订立协议冒犯德国的后果。德国采取的行动具有最严厉的性质。有人劝德皇去往丹吉尔，在那里他一反以前的明智判断，在1905年3 月31日发表由他的内阁成员选择的十分不妥协的讲话，公开向法国挑战。德国外交部广泛地传布这份演讲。4 月11 日和12 日把两份威胁性的急件火烧火燎地送往巴黎和伦敦，要求马德里条约所有主要签字国开会。德国使用所有手段要使法国懂得，倘若她拒绝开会，后果将是一场战争；为了有双重把握，他们为这个昭然的目的派一名特使从柏林去巴黎。 法国对战争毫无准备；陆军的状况很差；俄国更没有能力作战；加上法国又缺乏充分理由。可是法国外交部长德尔卡塞先生不愿意让步。德国的态度越来越咄咄逼人；6 月6 日法国鲁维埃先生内阁几乎在炮口瞄准下一致同意接受召开会议的原则，德尔卡塞先生立即辞职。

（維基百科英文版） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis第一次摩洛哥危机又称为丹吉尔危机，在1905年3月至1906年5月发生，是欧洲列强因为摩洛哥作为殖民地之事而引起的国际危机。德国皇帝威廉二世于1905年3月31日访问摩洛哥丹吉尔，引发这次危机。威廉表示支持摩洛哥独立，公然挑战法国在摩国的影响力。1904年，英国与法国达成挚诚协定（见英法协约）。在该年，英国与西班牙承认法国在摩国的利益，令德国有感利益受损，故此以外交途径挑战法国。于是，威廉二世想邀请欧洲各国举行会议，企图借挑衅与测试三国协约的实力。德皇的言论令法国民众普遍震怒。在得到英国的支持下，法国外交部长泰奥菲勒·德尔卡塞提倡在摩洛哥设立一个保护国，并促请政府采取强硬立场；但法国恐怕德国会开战，所以反对他、迫使他下台。危机在6月达到高峰：德尔卡塞下台后，由温和派法国总理莫里斯·鲁维埃兼任外长。7月时，德国已受到孤立，所以法国同意以和平方法解决问题。然而，法德仍然剑拔弩张—德国在12月调动后备军队，而法国更在1906年1月派兵到与德国接壤的边境。为解决上述纠纷，1906年1月16日至4月7日在西班牙举行阿尔赫西拉斯会议(Algeciras Conference)。在十三个与会国当中，只有奥匈帝国支持德国；法国得到英国、俄罗斯、意大利、西班牙与美国支持。最后，德国在5月31日接受一项协定：法国撤回部分对摩洛哥实施的管制，但依然控制部分重要地方，以及与西班牙保持对摩国的警察控制权。虽然会议暂时解决了摩洛哥问题，然则德国的不满，引起了1911年的第二次摩洛哥危机。结果，德国的孤立令德国追求更具野心的外交政策。这次危机是第一次世界大战的其中一次战前危机，严重恶化了强国之间的关系。6.1 阿爾赫西拉斯會議（Algeciras Conference）（維基百科中文版） http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras_Conference阿尔赫西拉斯会议于1906年在西班牙阿尔赫西拉斯举行，用以调解法国与德国因第一次摩洛哥危机（First Moroccan Crisis）而生的纷争，并确保摩洛哥的苏丹偿还在1904年借下的贷款。根据法国与英国定下来的英法协约，英国确保在埃及的权利，换取法国在摩洛哥之权力。法国想在摩洛哥设立保护国（protectorate），但为德国所反对。这次会议牵涉大部分欧洲国家。美国总统西奥多·罗斯福担当调停人，在解决事件时倾向支持法国，纵然他承诺保护德国在摩国的投资。与会国在4月7日达成协议，包括摩洛哥的警方与关税安排、打击走私军火的条例，及对欧洲银行家作让步：成立摩洛哥国家银行，以金支持钞票流通，为期四十年。新银行会作为摩国的财政部，但严格限制(strict cap)摩洛哥王朝(Sherifian Empire)的财政，同时由德、英、法与西班牙的国家银行派出行政人员管理。西班牙的货币继续在当地流通；欧洲人有权买地；银行从公共建设筹税；苏丹政府继续对鸦片与大麻 (Kif) 之生产拥有垄断权。苏丹维持在六个港口的警察控制权，只聘用摩洛哥穆斯林为警察，而平均年薪只是一千比塞塔。然而，警察训练交由法国与西班牙警官负责，以监察交付薪金的人 (Amin) 和维持纪律；两国政府有权调换警官。监察主任由瑞士人出任，并需要驻守在丹吉尔。在最后一刻，摩洛哥与会代表发现未能签署协定，但苏丹阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹在6月18日下达命令，确认了协议。Learning Point: Algeciras Conference was set as the milestone for the world war. The battle lines were drawn in this conference. Although the Algeciras Conference temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis, it only worsened the tensions between the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882 and lasting until 1914) and Triple Entente that ultimately led to the first world war.7. 德國vs俄羅斯

没过多久，下一次欧洲危机就爆发了。在1908年10 月5 日，奥地利未作警告或谈判就宣布并吞波斯尼亚（Bosnia）和黑塞哥维那（Herzegovina）。土耳其帝国的这两个省份根据1878 年柏林条约一直由奥地利治理；合并的宣布仅仅是形式上宣告业已存在的事实。那年夏天出现的青年土耳其革命运动对奥地利来说，似乎是重申土耳其对波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的主权，而这点是她担心的，因而先发制人进行阻止。合理而有耐心的外交手段有可能保证奥地利所需要的缓和局势。的确，与最有关系的大国俄国的谈判取得有利的进步。但是突然和意外地，奥地利外交大臣埃伦塔尔伯爵在决定对俄国作适当让步之前宣布合并，从而打断了谈判。这种实质上的破坏行为公然冒犯了俄国，也轻视了俄国谈判者伊斯沃尔斯基个人。

人物介紹1. 泰奧菲勒·德爾卡塞（Théophile Delcassé） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9

本人做此筆記的主要原因是，該書的背景異常龐大，為了更深入的瞭解前因後果，因此在閱讀此书的同時，在網上搜索了戰爭發生的原因和背景知識，來源主要來自維基百科。筆記的順序是根據文時間發生的先後順序，或者根據我的一些小想法來安排的。之後還會有修改之類的。文中會夾雜中英文還有繁體字。。1. 德法之間的歷史積怨 (Grievance)Franco-Prussian war（普法戰爭）（維基百科英文版）https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War The war and its resulting German victory brought about many important economic, political and social events that had a lasting impact on European and world developments.The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, French: Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870[6](19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a significant conflict pitting the Second French Empire against the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies in the North German Confederation, as well as the South German states of Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt.The conflict emerged from tensions regarding German unification. In his memoirs written long after the war, Prussian Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck wrote: "I always considered that a war with France would naturally follow a war against Austria...I was convinced that the gulf which was created over time between the north and the south of Germany could not be better overcome than by a national war against the neighboring people who were aggressive against us. I did not doubt that it was necessary to make a French-German war before the general reorganization of Germany could be realized." [7] Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then rewrote a dispatch about a meeting between the Prussian King and the French foreign minister to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. On 16 August 1870, the French parliament voted 101 to 47 to declare war, and the war was declared on 19 August.[8]The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French army, and rapidly moved into northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership, and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.[9] A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France culminating in the Battle of Sedan, saw Napoleon III and his whole army captured on 2 September. Yet this did not end the war, as the Third Republic was declared in Paris on 4 September 1870 and French resistance continued under the Government of National Defence and Adolphe Thiers. Over a five-month campaign, the German forces defeated the newly recruited French armies in a series of battles fought across northern France. Following a prolonged siege, Paris fell on 28 January 1871. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The final Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine.Following defeat, a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871. The unification of Germany into an empire in its own right, with the new industrialization of the nation, shifted the European balance of power and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. France's determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine would subsequently be a major factor in France's involvement in World War I.[10]（維基百科中文版）https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD 普魯士為了統一德國，在1864年及1866年先後擊敗了丹麦及奥地利，普魯士首相俾斯麥的策動下，以西班牙王位繼承問題製造爭端，並發出「埃姆斯密電」激發出普、法兩地人民的民族仇恨，令法皇拿破侖三世于1870年7月19日對普宣戰，普魯士藉此團結德意志民族，進攻法國。19世紀中葉，在德國的土地上並不存在一個統一的國家，而是由十數個大小不一的日爾曼人小邦國組成的“日爾曼邦聯（confederation）”，分裂造成德國國內資本主義無法發展（因為各邦關卡、課稅重重，商品無法自由流通），在歐洲大陸也無法與其他列強鼎立，故其中的最具實力的大邦普魯士為了建立統一的德意志帝國進而與法國等列強爭奪歐洲大陸霸權，便領導日爾曼邦聯，於西元1870年誘發法國開戰並擊敗法國。在這場戰爭中法國大敗，御駕親征的法皇拿破崙三世（Napelon III）被俘。普魯士大獲全勝，後乘勢率各邦國聯合建立了統一的國家—德意志帝國。法國戰敗後，被逼簽下了普魯士首相奧托•馮•俾斯麥所開出條件非常苛刻的和約：法蘭克福條約規定法國割讓阿爾薩斯-洛林（Alsace-Lorraine ）予德國，並賠款50億法郎，普軍在收齊賠款前，可駐軍於法國。此外，德意志帝國（German Empire）皇帝威廉一世的登基大典於法國的凡爾賽宮舉行(1871 年1月18日)，這大大羞辱（humiliate）了法國，挑起德法兩國之仇恨。戰後法國復仇主義盛行，亦成為第一次世界大戰的另一主因。Treaty of Frankfurt (法兰克福条约)（維基百科英文版）https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)The treaty did the following:Established the frontier between the French Third Republic and the German Empire, which involved the ceding of 1,694 villages and cities under French control to Germany in:Alsace: the French departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin, except for the city of Belfort and its territory;Lorraine: the French department of Moselle, one-third of the department of Meurthe, including the cities of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg, and the arrondissements Saales and Schirmeck in the department of Vosges.Gave residents of the returned Alsace-Lorraine region until 1 October 1872 to decide between keeping their French nationality and emigrating, or remaining in the region and becoming German citizens.Set a framework for the withdrawal of German troops from certain areas.Regulated the payment of France's war indemnity of five billion francs (due within five years).Recognized the acceptance of William I of Prussia as German Emperor.Required military occupation in parts of France until the indemnity was paid (to the surprise of Germany, the French paid the indemnity quickly).The treaty also established the terms for the following:The use of navigable waterways in connection to Alsace-LorraineTrade between the two countriesThe return of prisoners of war1.2 民族主義和復仇主義（維基百科中文版） http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9復仇主義 (法語：Revanchisme；源於法語名詞 revanche ，意指復仇) 從1870年代開始被廣泛使用，意指透過政治運動，向一個國家收復於戰爭後所失去的領土之行為，可在戰爭完結多年後發生。一般而言，復仇主義的萌芽，是基於挽回民族尊嚴、重建報復者地緣政治之影響，或是借助打敗敵人獲得經濟利益。極端復仇主義的思想，經常帶有鷹派色彩，多數認為收復失地只能夠以武力解決，此謂以牙還牙。復仇主義與民族統一主義有非常複雜的關聯。後者的意思，是某個民族的文化與人口在他們的民族國家之國界以外。復仇主義之思想，通常將民族與民族國家相提並論，並動用根深蒂固的種族民族主義作宣傳，宣稱對國民在該國家外之居住地擁有主權。復仇主義也通常利用沙文主義式的民族主義爭取支持。復仇主義之論據，往往是基於古代版圖，甚至是原居民對領土之佔有 (英語：Autochthonous) 。2. 聯盟夢想的破滅--德國，奧地利和俄國普法戰爭後，德國總理奧托•馮•俾斯麥(Otto von bismarck)擔心法國報復，因此採取結盟政策，以孤立法國。他本來讓德意志帝國、奧匈帝國及俄羅斯帝國結成三帝同盟，可是後來在1878年柏林會議上，俄國因巴爾幹半島（Balkan Peninsula）問題，而與奧匈帝國發生利益衝突。1879年，德國選擇與奧匈締結了秘密的德奧同盟。此外，義大利在爭奪北非突尼西亞失敗，讓法國在1881年兼併該地。為了爭取支援，義大利跟德國和奧匈結盟，是為三國同盟。俄國得知德奧兩國簽訂了德奧同盟後，十分不滿。但俾斯麥是一個老練的政治家，為了保持與俄國的良好關係，於1887年與俄國簽訂了《再保險條約》（Reinsurance Treaty http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84）。可是俾斯麥在1890年下臺後，新任德皇威廉二世不想維持俾斯麥定下的同盟制度，任由條約終止，而選擇只與奧國為盟。法國向俄國提供資本，實現其工業化後，在1894年與俄國結下軍事同盟，是為法俄同盟。（Learning point: 一個偉大民族的政策如果直接掌握在一個人手中，在他不存在的時候很容易改變。）3. 俄国和德国分道扬镳的前因3.1 柏林條約(Congress of Berlin,13 June – 13 July 1878)(英文维基百科)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin (中文维基百科) http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to stabilize the Balkans, recognize the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire, and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary; at the same time he tried to diminish Russian gains in the region and to prevent the rise of a big Bulgaria. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire; Eastern Rumelia was restored to the Turks under a special administration; and Macedonia was returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform. Romania achieved full independence, turning over part of Bessarabia to Russia and gaining Northern Dobruja in return. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories, with Austria-Hungary occupying the Sandžak (Raška) region.Austria-Hungary also took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, whereas Britain took over Cyprus.

The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilization. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded in world war in 1914. Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece made gains, but far less than they thought they deserved. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe," was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. Although Russia had been victorious in the war that occasioned the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment. Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bismarck became the target of hatred by Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans.

3.2 巴爾幹(Balkan)（維基百科英文版）https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkans_ethnic_map.jpg3.3 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（Bosnia and Herzegovina）（维基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims3.4 泛斯拉夫主義（ Pan-Slavism）涉及到俄国，奥匈帝国和德国之间的关系。（維基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism3.5 君士坦丁堡（Constantinople）（維基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople The city itself remained and prospered as the Muslim capital in the Ottoman period; however, scholars normally reserve the name "Constantinople" for the city in Christian period 330–1453, preferring "Istanbul" for the city's name in later centuries. However, many Western writers have continued to refer to the city by its older name "Constantinople" into modern times. The name "Constantinople" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church(東正教) in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as "His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch."3.6俄土戰爭 (Russo-Turkish War (1877–78))（維基百科英文版）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RussoTurkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)Russia succeeded in claiming several provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batum. The principalities of Romania (which was also forced by Russia to cede the Budjak region of the Danube delta, in spite of an existing treaty of alliance between the two countries), Serbia and Montenegro, each of which had had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396–1878), the Bulgarian state was re-established as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania) as well as the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital. The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Kingdom to take over Cyprus.（維基百科中文版）俄土战争（1877年–1878年）是一场奥斯曼土耳其与俄国及其盟友之间的战争。这场战争源自于俄国希望打开通往地中海的通路，并且解放生活在巴尔干半岛，信仰东正教的斯拉夫人（保加利亚人、塞尔维亚人），使他们从鄂图曼帝国（Ottoman Empire）独立出来。1877年4月24日，俄国向土耳其宣战，从巴尔干半岛及高加索两地发动进攻。巴尔干半岛是主要战场，俄军主力进入罗马尼亚后，6月及7月在不同地点渡过多瑙河，12月攻占土军重要据点普列文，次年1月逼近土耳其首都君士坦丁堡，土耳其被逼接受俄国提出的和平条件，是为《圣士提法诺条约》，条约建议建立包括亚得里亚堡和萨洛尼卡的大保加利亚，并使土耳其赔款2亿1千万卢布。由于这会令俄国在欧洲的势力坐大，各国均极力反对之。最后1878年欧洲列强在柏林举行了柏林会议并以《柏林条约》取代《圣士提法诺条约》，保加利亚、东鲁梅利亚改由土耳其保护，土耳其赔款2亿卢布。保加利亚及塞尔维亚在战后脱离了土耳其的控制，两国视这次独立为第二次建国。这场战争也为罗马尼亚王国完全独立提供了机会，尽管罗马尼亚从未像其它巴尔干国家那样被奥斯曼帝国所直接统治，他们仍将此战视为罗马尼亚独立战争。3.6.1 俄土战争系列 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%894.索爾茲伯里（光榮孤立--外交政策） http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94_(%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5)5.俄日战争 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 英日联盟，德国主要同情俄国。因此德国的领导力量在战后加强，法国陷入孤立危险的境地，急于寻求联盟。6. 1904年英法協定（Entete Cordiale,Cordiale Agreement） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_cordiale 基本精神：法國人不再反對英國在埃及的利益，英國對于法國關於摩洛哥的看法給予總的支持。The Entente Cordiale was a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Third Republic. Beyond the immediate concerns of colonial expansion addressed by the agreement, the signing of the Entente Cordiale marked the end of almost a millennium of intermittent conflict between the two nations and their predecessor states, and the formalisation of the peaceful co-existence that had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The Entente Cordiale, along with the Anglo-Russian Entente and the Franco-Russian Alliance, later became part of the Triple Entente among the UK, France, and Russia.7. European balance of power https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_balance_of_power16th to 18th centuries[edit]In the 16th and 17th centuries, English foreign policy strove to prevent creation of a single Universal Monarchy in Europe, which many believed France or Spain might attempt to create. To maintain the balance of power, the English made alliances with other states—including Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands—to counter the perceived threat. These Grand Alliances reached their height in the wars against Louis XIV and Louis XV of France. They often involved the English (later the British) paying large subsidies to European allies to finance large armies.In the 18th century, this led to the stately quadrille, with a number of major European powers—such as Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and France—changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance. A number of wars stemmed, at least in part, from the desire to maintain the balance of power, including the War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the War of the Bavarian Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. Following Britain's success in the Seven Years' War, many of the other powers began to see London as a greater threat than France. Several states entered the American War of Independence in the hope of overturning Britain's growing strength by securing the independence of Thirteen of the colonies of British America.19th centuryDuring the 19th century, to achieve lasting peace, the Concert of Europe tried to maintain the balance of power. This policy was largely successful in averting a full-scale Europe-wide war for almost a century, until the First World War.[1] Specifically, during the first half of the 19th century, Britain and France dominated Europe, but by the 1850s they had become deeply concerned by the growing power of Russia and Prussia. The Crimean War of 1854–55 and the Italian War of 1859 shattered the relations among the Great Powers in Europe; however, the creation and rise of the German Empire as a dominant nation restructured the European balance of power.[2] For the next twenty years, Otto von Bismarck managed to maintain the balance of power, by proposing treaties and creating many complex alliances between the European nations.World WarsAfter the resignation of Otto Von Bismarck in the 1890s, the foreign policy of the German Empire became expansionary and the newly created alliances were proven to be fragile, something that triggered the First World War in 1914. One of the objectives of the Treaty of Versailles, the main post-WWI treaty, was to abolish the dominance of the 'Balance of Power' concept and replace it with the (global) League of Nations.This idea floundered as Europe split into three principal factions in the 1920s and 1930s: Liberal Democratic states led by Britain and France, Communist states led by the Soviet Union, and authoritarian nationalists led by Germany and Italy. The failure of the Democratic states to prevent the advance of Nazi Germany ultimately led to the Second World War, which led to a temporary alliance between Britain and the Soviets.Post-World War II: Cold War periodDuring the post-Second World War era the West split into two blocs, a balance of power emerged in between the Eastern Bloc: affiliated with the Soviet Union and the Socialist nations of Central and Eastern Europe; the Western Bloc: affiliated with the Western democracies, particularly France, the United States, and Britain, and Third World neutral countries, including Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. The majority of the European democratic nations, together with Canada and the US, came together under the military alliance of NATO, which continues to this day and has expanded to other countries in Europe. The first NATO Secretary General, the British Lord Ismay, famously stated the organization's initial goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."[3]Late 20th and 21st centuriesIn the present day the three most powerful members of the European Union (EU) — Britain, France, and Germany — are referred to as the EU three. Often in (internal) EU and NATO debates on strategy and general decision-making, two of the three are able to take a lead amongst the governments of those alliances. Germany and France (who are members of the Eurozone whilst the UK is not) are often regarded as the EU's economic leaders, such as with the on-going Euro crisis, whilst France and Britain (who have significantly more military capabilities and global presence than Germany) often lead in defence and foreign policy matters, such as the intervention in Libya in 2011. This, to an extent, represents a balancing of leadership power for the Western sphere of the continent. There continues however to be a wider, strategic balance of Western and (now) Russian power, albeit with the boundary between the two pushed further east since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with many former Socialist countries in central Europe having since joined the EU and NATO.8. Congress of Vienna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna

“要从驻欧洲各国大使馆每天发来的一份份电报中，猜度德国行动背后隐藏的真实目的是困难的的。”

使馆的这种作用，让人觉得战争是那些政治家们的游戏。他们的工作因而让人感到滑稽而可笑。

第一次世界大战是帝国主义国家两大集团间为重新瓜分世界、争夺殖民地而进行的战争，它是资本主义世界经济体系危机的产物，是资本主义国家发展不平衡的结果。