The Penguin Classics Book

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• Although there were some exceptional philosophers of the Middle Ages, most notably St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas, many histories of western philosophy jump directly from Aristotle to Descartes. The latter's radical step was to start from scratch and to base his new system of philosophy on the limits of his own knowledge, rather than on the inherited cosmological and ontological metaphysics of Aristotle or the biblical precepts that underpin Christian theology. Descartes initiated an enlightened tradition that rejected the authority of received wisdom and encouraged a secular, empirical approach to knowledge, philosophy, politics and science. Enlightenment philosophy culminated with the masterwork of Immanuel Kant, the Critique of Pure Reason, in which Kant systematically reconciles th... (查看原文)

  mai 2020-06-23 06:34:43

• Romanticism, which emerged out of the Sturm und Drang movement in mid-18th-century Germany, was a revolt, a reaction against increasing industrialization, constricting Enlightenment rationalism and a celebration of the awesome grandeur of the natural Landscape and an evocation of the ungovernable inner experience of the artist. It was expressed through art, music and literature and was a profound influence throughout Europe in the first half of the 19th century. (查看原文)

  mai 2020-06-23 11:02:07

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