副标题: The Haphazard Evolution of the Human Mind
作者: Gary Marcus
出版社: Mariner Books
出版年: 2009-4-7
页数: 208
定价: USD 14.95
装帧: Paperback
ISBN: 9780547238241
作者: Gary Marcus
出版社: Mariner Books
出版年: 2009-4-7
页数: 208
定价: USD 14.95
装帧: Paperback
ISBN: 9780547238241
内容简介 · · · · · ·
How is it that we can recognize photos from our high school yearbook decades later, but cannot remember what we ate for breakfast yesterday? And why are we inclined to buy more cans of soup if the sign says "LIMIT 12 PER CUSTOMER" rather than "LIMIT 4 PER CUSTOMER?" In "Kluge, "Gary Marcus argues convincingly that our minds are not as elegantly designed as we may believe. The i... (展开全部)
How is it that we can recognize photos from our high school yearbook decades later, but cannot remember what we ate for breakfast yesterday? And why are we inclined to buy more cans of soup if the sign says "LIMIT 12 PER CUSTOMER" rather than "LIMIT 4 PER CUSTOMER?" In "Kluge, "Gary Marcus argues convincingly that our minds are not as elegantly designed as we may believe. The imperfections result from a haphazard evolutionary process that often proceeds by piling new systems on top of old ones--and those systems don't always work well together. The end product is a "kluge," a clumsy, cobbled-together contraption. Taking us on a tour of the essential areas of human experience--memory, belief, decision making, language, and happiness--Marcus unveils a fundamentally new way of looking at the evolution of the human mind and simultaneously sheds light on some of the most mysterious aspects of human nature.
按有用程度 按页码先后 最新笔记
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第1页
VeraTulips (Et in Arcadia Ego)
笔记: 目录: remnant of history memory belief choice language pleasure things fall apart true wisdom 扉页: Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob. P7: Remnant of History Evolutionary psycholog... (更多)笔记:目录:remnant of historymemorybeliefchoicelanguagepleasurethings fall aparttrue wisdom扉页:Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob.P7: Remnant of HistoryEvolutionary psychology view by John Toody and Leda Cosmides. Because natural selection is a hill-climbing process that tends to choose the best of the variant designs that actually appear, and because of the immense numbers of alternatives that appear over the vast expanse of evolutionary time, natural selection tends to cause the accumulation of superlatively well engineered functional designs. P11:Evolution isn't about perfection. It is about "satisficing". That outcome might be beautiful and elegant or it might be a kluge. Evolutionary inertia. --- key point of this book.本書作者主要就是反對一味的強調完美的進化的理論,講述進化過程中不完美的Kluge,這是由於進化慣性決定的,並沒有一開始就想著完美的模式進化,而是在過程中環境不斷提出了要求,從而在已經進化的基礎上進行修改,從而可能就創造了不完美的但是有效的Kluge。例如,我們的脊柱,並不是完美進化;視覺中,眼睛儘管進化的比較完美,但是仍然有盲點存在,所以也並不完美。P18: Memory 記憶是人類心智最大的klugeYour memory is a monster; you forget --- it doesn't. it simply files things away. it keeps things for you, or hides thins from you --- and summons them to your recall with a will of it's own. you think you have a memory; but it has you! --- John Irving.Cognitive Idiosyncrasyfast for gist, poor for detail. what we remember and what we forget are a function of context, frequency and recency, not a means of attaining inner peace. P42mental contamination: halo effect and the the reverse pitchfork effect; focusing illusion; anchoring and adjustment; mere familiarity; confirmation bias (automatic confirm what we like or believe) and the complementary motivated reasoning (scrutinize ideas that we don't like). P55: Pollyanna 1913, Eleanor Porter wrote children novel named Pollyanna, a story of a girl who looked on the bright side of every situation. two connotations: (1)eternal optimists; (2)optimism exceeds the rational bounds of reality. However, you see what you want to see, and you hear what you want to hear. P63people evaluate syllogism using two different neural circuits, one more closely associated with logic and spatial reasoning (bilateral parietal), the other more closely associated with prior belief (frontal-temporal). the former (logic and spatial) is effortful than the later invoked automatically. 作者在全書主要想說的就是思維和選擇是有兩個不同系統存在的,一個是reflexive system,這個系統重要是比較古老的系統,有中腦、基底神經節和杏仁核這種在進化中較早出現的結構參與反應,反應快,但是過於原始;另一個是 deliberative system,主要是新皮層負責,反應慢,但是更加理性。作者認為新皮層和高級的理性功能的出現還不夠進入到進化過程中,沒有成為基因的表達,所以我們的邏輯和推理很多都是後天學習的,這些功能沒有在進化的一開始就設計好,而是疊加在reflexive system上面的,所以可以成為是kluge。另外作者認為重要的不是那個系統最後能夠進化成完美,而是應該關注兩個系統的interact,這個是最重要的。P65 belief is stitched together out of three fundamental components: a capacity for memory; a capacity for inference; and a capacity for perception. P87what is kluge is not so much the fact that people sometimes rely on emotions but rather the way those emotions interact with the deliberative system. choice: long-term vs short-termP122language was built, rapidly, or a haphazard patchwork of mechanism that originally evolved for other purpose. (收起)2011-12-02 17:56:45 回应
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第1页
VeraTulips (Et in Arcadia Ego)
笔记: 目录: remnant of history memory belief choice language pleasure things fall apart true wisdom 扉页: Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob. P7: Remnant of History Evolutionary psycholog... (更多)笔记:目录:remnant of historymemorybeliefchoicelanguagepleasurethings fall aparttrue wisdom扉页:Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob.P7: Remnant of HistoryEvolutionary psychology view by John Toody and Leda Cosmides. Because natural selection is a hill-climbing process that tends to choose the best of the variant designs that actually appear, and because of the immense numbers of alternatives that appear over the vast expanse of evolutionary time, natural selection tends to cause the accumulation of superlatively well engineered functional designs. P11:Evolution isn't about perfection. It is about "satisficing". That outcome might be beautiful and elegant or it might be a kluge. Evolutionary inertia. --- key point of this book.本書作者主要就是反對一味的強調完美的進化的理論,講述進化過程中不完美的Kluge,這是由於進化慣性決定的,並沒有一開始就想著完美的模式進化,而是在過程中環境不斷提出了要求,從而在已經進化的基礎上進行修改,從而可能就創造了不完美的但是有效的Kluge。例如,我們的脊柱,並不是完美進化;視覺中,眼睛儘管進化的比較完美,但是仍然有盲點存在,所以也並不完美。P18: Memory 記憶是人類心智最大的klugeYour memory is a monster; you forget --- it doesn't. it simply files things away. it keeps things for you, or hides thins from you --- and summons them to your recall with a will of it's own. you think you have a memory; but it has you! --- John Irving.Cognitive Idiosyncrasyfast for gist, poor for detail. what we remember and what we forget are a function of context, frequency and recency, not a means of attaining inner peace. P42mental contamination: halo effect and the the reverse pitchfork effect; focusing illusion; anchoring and adjustment; mere familiarity; confirmation bias (automatic confirm what we like or believe) and the complementary motivated reasoning (scrutinize ideas that we don't like). P55: Pollyanna 1913, Eleanor Porter wrote children novel named Pollyanna, a story of a girl who looked on the bright side of every situation. two connotations: (1)eternal optimists; (2)optimism exceeds the rational bounds of reality. However, you see what you want to see, and you hear what you want to hear. P63people evaluate syllogism using two different neural circuits, one more closely associated with logic and spatial reasoning (bilateral parietal), the other more closely associated with prior belief (frontal-temporal). the former (logic and spatial) is effortful than the later invoked automatically. 作者在全書主要想說的就是思維和選擇是有兩個不同系統存在的,一個是reflexive system,這個系統重要是比較古老的系統,有中腦、基底神經節和杏仁核這種在進化中較早出現的結構參與反應,反應快,但是過於原始;另一個是 deliberative system,主要是新皮層負責,反應慢,但是更加理性。作者認為新皮層和高級的理性功能的出現還不夠進入到進化過程中,沒有成為基因的表達,所以我們的邏輯和推理很多都是後天學習的,這些功能沒有在進化的一開始就設計好,而是疊加在reflexive system上面的,所以可以成為是kluge。另外作者認為重要的不是那個系統最後能夠進化成完美,而是應該關注兩個系統的interact,這個是最重要的。P65 belief is stitched together out of three fundamental components: a capacity for memory; a capacity for inference; and a capacity for perception. P87what is kluge is not so much the fact that people sometimes rely on emotions but rather the way those emotions interact with the deliberative system. choice: long-term vs short-termP122language was built, rapidly, or a haphazard patchwork of mechanism that originally evolved for other purpose. (收起)2011-12-02 17:56:45 回应
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第1页
VeraTulips (Et in Arcadia Ego)
笔记: 目录: remnant of history memory belief choice language pleasure things fall apart true wisdom 扉页: Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob. P7: Remnant of History Evolutionary psycholog... (更多)笔记:目录:remnant of historymemorybeliefchoicelanguagepleasurethings fall aparttrue wisdom扉页:Living organisms are history structures: literally creations of history. They represent not a perfect product of engineering, but a patchwork of odd sets pieced together with when and where opportunities arose --- Francois Jacob.P7: Remnant of HistoryEvolutionary psychology view by John Toody and Leda Cosmides. Because natural selection is a hill-climbing process that tends to choose the best of the variant designs that actually appear, and because of the immense numbers of alternatives that appear over the vast expanse of evolutionary time, natural selection tends to cause the accumulation of superlatively well engineered functional designs. P11:Evolution isn't about perfection. It is about "satisficing". That outcome might be beautiful and elegant or it might be a kluge. Evolutionary inertia. --- key point of this book.本書作者主要就是反對一味的強調完美的進化的理論,講述進化過程中不完美的Kluge,這是由於進化慣性決定的,並沒有一開始就想著完美的模式進化,而是在過程中環境不斷提出了要求,從而在已經進化的基礎上進行修改,從而可能就創造了不完美的但是有效的Kluge。例如,我們的脊柱,並不是完美進化;視覺中,眼睛儘管進化的比較完美,但是仍然有盲點存在,所以也並不完美。P18: Memory 記憶是人類心智最大的klugeYour memory is a monster; you forget --- it doesn't. it simply files things away. it keeps things for you, or hides thins from you --- and summons them to your recall with a will of it's own. you think you have a memory; but it has you! --- John Irving.Cognitive Idiosyncrasyfast for gist, poor for detail. what we remember and what we forget are a function of context, frequency and recency, not a means of attaining inner peace. P42mental contamination: halo effect and the the reverse pitchfork effect; focusing illusion; anchoring and adjustment; mere familiarity; confirmation bias (automatic confirm what we like or believe) and the complementary motivated reasoning (scrutinize ideas that we don't like). P55: Pollyanna 1913, Eleanor Porter wrote children novel named Pollyanna, a story of a girl who looked on the bright side of every situation. two connotations: (1)eternal optimists; (2)optimism exceeds the rational bounds of reality. However, you see what you want to see, and you hear what you want to hear. P63people evaluate syllogism using two different neural circuits, one more closely associated with logic and spatial reasoning (bilateral parietal), the other more closely associated with prior belief (frontal-temporal). the former (logic and spatial) is effortful than the later invoked automatically. 作者在全書主要想說的就是思維和選擇是有兩個不同系統存在的,一個是reflexive system,這個系統重要是比較古老的系統,有中腦、基底神經節和杏仁核這種在進化中較早出現的結構參與反應,反應快,但是過於原始;另一個是 deliberative system,主要是新皮層負責,反應慢,但是更加理性。作者認為新皮層和高級的理性功能的出現還不夠進入到進化過程中,沒有成為基因的表達,所以我們的邏輯和推理很多都是後天學習的,這些功能沒有在進化的一開始就設計好,而是疊加在reflexive system上面的,所以可以成為是kluge。另外作者認為重要的不是那個系統最後能夠進化成完美,而是應該關注兩個系統的interact,這個是最重要的。P65 belief is stitched together out of three fundamental components: a capacity for memory; a capacity for inference; and a capacity for perception. P87what is kluge is not so much the fact that people sometimes rely on emotions but rather the way those emotions interact with the deliberative system. choice: long-term vs short-termP122language was built, rapidly, or a haphazard patchwork of mechanism that originally evolved for other purpose. (收起)2011-12-02 17:56:45 回应
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人类认知方面不合理的地方,它们的来源和如何避免
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- 口口口算了:@(不傲不隐不瞽) 认知方面不合理的地方 这类书现在的确已经非常多了,新颖东西不多。但是如果从前读的不多,这本还是可以的。为什么我还要读呢?真是验证了书里说的confirmation bias. 结尾的几条建议摘录下,有几条很像基本统计课的概念。 1. 考虑下alternative hypothesis 从正方和反方都考......2011-10-28 3/3有用
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